ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Vet. Sci.
Sec. Animal Reproduction - Theriogenology
This article is part of the Research TopicThe Water Buffalo: Advances in genetics, nutrition, and reproductive biotechnology for sustainable agricultural developmentView all 5 articles
Title: Mitochondrial Function and Reactive Oxygen Species Dynamics in Italian Mediterranean Buffalo Semen Following Cryopreservation and Post-Thaw Incubation
Provisionally accepted
Giada Loddo1*
Maria Elena Gelain1
Gianfranco Gabai1
Asia D'Andrea2Elisabetta Montanari2
Chiara Milani1
Elisa Giaretta1- 1University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- 2Intermizoo S.p.A., Caorle, Italy
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The current understanding of physiological parameters and redox balance in buffalo bull semen is limited and derived from various breeds. Moreover, the effects of cryopreservation in various buffalo breeds remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between physiological parameters and compare fresh (F) and frozen-thawed (T) semen in Italian Mediterranean buffalos (IMB; 7, bulls). Buffalo ejaculates were collected using an artificial vagina and cryopreserved using a standard protocol. Both F and T were analyzed by CASA and flow cytometry Semen parameters assessed included motility, viability (using PI or SG counterstains for each assay), acrosome integrity (PSA), mitochondrial membrane potential (JC1), mitochondrial integrity (MT), intracytoplasmic (DHE) and mitochondrial (MX) superoxide production, and other intracellular reactive oxygen species (CR). The T samples were assessed immediately after thawing (T0) and following 3h incubation at 37°C (T3). Results showed significant correlations (p < 0.05) between total motility (TM) and progressive motility (PM) with mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial integrity (MI). The TM, PM, MI, and MMP positively correlated (p < 0.05) with total reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and negatively with superoxide production. Cryopreservation significantly decreased TM from 92.1±5.66% to 72.61±18.62% (p < 0.05), H2O2 production from 23.02±7.42% to 11.49±8.85% (p < 0.05), and MMP from 83.29±11.20 to 56.98±15.87% (p < 0.05). After 3h incubation, T semen exhibited increased mitochondrial damage and superoxide production, with decreased total ROS production. In conclusion, cryopreservation and subsequent incubation significantly affect mitochondrial functions, which strongly correlate with sperm motility. A deeper understanding of sperm energy metabolism and its relationship with redox regulation could allow for the optimization of current assisted reproductive technologies (ART), as these factors play a crucial role in sperm viability, motility, and fertilization capacity, which are critical for optimizing outcomes in ART procedures.
Keywords: Italian Mediterranean Buffalo bulls, Flow-cytometry, Fresh semen, Thawed semen, ROS production, Mitochondrial function
Received: 27 Oct 2025; Accepted: 26 Nov 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Loddo, Gelain, Gabai, D'Andrea, Montanari, Milani and Giaretta. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Giada Loddo
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