Skip to main content

ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Psychiatry, 16 October 2018
Sec. Addictive Disorders
This article is part of the Research Topic Community-Based Outreach Treatment for Addictions and Concomitant Disorders: Time for a Change of Paradigm View all 9 articles

Social Support and Resilience as Mediators Between Stress and Life Satisfaction Among People With Substance Use Disorder in China

\r\nChunyu Yang,&#x;&#x;Chunyu Yang1,2Mengfan Xia&#x;&#x;Mengfan Xia2Mengmeng Han&#x;Mengmeng Han2Ying Liang*Ying Liang2*
  • 1School of Economics and Management, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou, China
  • 2School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China

This study investigated the potential mediating roles of resilience and social support in the relationship between stress and life satisfaction. A total of 426 individuals, who have substance use disorder, from the Shifosi and Dalianshan rehabilitation facilities in China participated in the study. They were tested using the Perceived Stress Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale, and Satisfaction with Life Scale. Results showed that the serial multiple mediation of social support and resilience in the relationship between stress and life satisfaction was significant. Furthermore, the findings corroborate the important roles of perceived social support and resilience in alleviating stress. Finally, we discussed ways to enhance the life satisfaction for individuals who have substance use disorder and analyzed the limitations of this study.

Introduction

Drug abuse is an important and widespread health problem (1). Statistics from the Niaz et al. (2) indicate that approximately 29.5 million adults worldwide use illegal drugs, which account for approximately 5.3% of the global population (3). In China, the use of drugs by 2.51 million people was registered by the end of 2016 (excluding retraining, deaths, and departures after 3 years of abstinence), with an annual increase of 6.8% (4). The prevalence of drug abuse and the increasing number of people with substance use disorder impeded China's social and economic development. The direct economic loss caused by drug abuse in China amounts to several hundred billion yuan annually. In addition, extreme social behaviors, such as robbery, theft, violence, and self-inflicted injuries, caused by drug abuse have seriously endangered the healthy development of the society. Research has emphasized that people who are dependent on drugs face more pressure than other groups (5, 6). They deal with stigma among family and friends, pressures in employment and life, social integration, physical and mental dependence, loss of self-identity, financial problems, and lack of institutional assistance (711). The negative reinforcement processing model of addiction shows that escaping from negative emotions caused by the negative external environment is the dominant motivation for maintaining addictive behaviors (12). Studies have found that stress plays an important role in drug abuse and its persistence (13, 14). Stress may be a common factor in promoting the memory of dorsolateral dependence, which can be used as a neural mechanism to increase drug use and its relapse after stressful life events (15). Stress forces people who use drugs to relapse after they return to society. Tartaglia et al. (16) performed a regression analysis to test the relationship between cannabis use and life satisfaction. They found that life satisfaction is negatively related to substance use. Drug dependents frequently feel depressed, anxious, and even suicidal (17, 18). Therefore, considerable attention must be accorded to the pressure and health problems experienced by people with substance use disorder.

Stress and Life Satisfaction

With the development of positive psychology, attention toward life satisfaction has increased in the academic literature (1921). Life satisfaction refers to a subjective assessment of the quality of life and is considered an important component of subjective well-being (22). It is also an indicator of psychological states. Life satisfaction is a resource that includes autonomy, control beliefs, positive emotions, emotional regulation, problem-solving, adaptation, and balance throughout the life cycle (23). In contrast, perceived stress is a subjective evaluation of an aversive situation. Stress has been studied by measuring the physiological performance, the occurrence of major life events, and cognitive evaluation (24). Stress occurs when the demand for events exceeds the available resources (25). The relationship between stress and life satisfaction has been the subject of a considerable research (2628). Numerous empirical studies have shown that stress is negatively related to life satisfaction (26, 29, 30). Stress exerts a negative effect on people over time, which results in dissatisfaction with life and other emotional reactions. The previous literature has shown that stress is associated with life satisfaction; however, the underlying mechanisms behind such a relationship remain unclear. Therefore, the present study aims to identify the potential intermediary mechanisms between stress and life satisfaction.

Stress, Social Support, Resilience, and Life Satisfaction

Social support is hypothesized as a mediator between stress and life satisfaction. Some studies have shown that individuals with extremely high stress levels rarely feel satisfied with themselves and are likely to have low social support (31, 32). These conditions are negatively related to their physical and psychological well-being (33). People with higher levels of social support have been proved to be less likely to use drugs and alcohol (34, 35). Social support is associated with better quality of life and acts as a significant indicator of the subjective well-being among people with substance abuse disorder (36). Wang et al. (37) found that the relationship between stress and life satisfaction can be mediated by support from family and friends, but not from a person's significant other. Stress is associated with life satisfaction by increasing the demand for social support. In other words, the level of social support can mediate the relationship between stress and life satisfaction.

Resilience is also hypothesized as a mediator between stress and life satisfaction. Stress has been found to be positively correlated with decreased resilience (38, 39). Long-term stress exposure undermines a person's successful adaptation to a threatening environment, which is not conducive to the development of resilience (27). Research has shown that resilience is an important psychological resource that can maintain or recover high well-being while confronting life's adversities (4042). Resilient individuals can maintain physical and mental health by alleviating the negative consequences of difficult situations (43, 44). Resilience has been positively identified as an important source of life satisfaction. Shi et al. (45) found that resilience plays the role of a partial mediator in the relationship between stress and life satisfaction among Chinese medical students.

Considerable literature has addressed the relationship between stress and life satisfaction (46, 47). Moschion and Powdthave (48) in a longitudinal study of 1174 respondents found that a decrease in life satisfaction following the consumption of illegal/street drugs persists 6 months to a year after use. Laudet and White (49) have shown that higher life satisfaction and less stress are positively associated with high levels of social support among individuals with substance use disorder. Nikmanesh and Honakzeh (34) found that enhancing perceived social support and positive affection plays a significant role in increasing teenagers' resilience to drug abuse. Individuals with resilience were less likely to involve themselves in drug abuse (50), which is beneficial to life satisfaction (51). To our knowledge, however, no study has yet assessed whether the relationships among the three variables (i.e., stress, social support, and resilience) can simultaneously affect the life satisfaction of people with substance use disorder. The relationships among stress, social support, resilience, and life satisfaction of people with substance use disorder remain unexplored. Therefore, the potential mediating roles of social support and resilience in the relationship between stress and life satisfaction among people with substance use disorder may be critical to key decision makers when developing intervention strategies for the treatment process.

Accordingly, the present study aims to verify the mediating roles of social support and resilience in the synergic effect of the relationship between stress and life satisfaction. On the basis of the summary of the existing studies on the relationship among stress, life satisfaction (46), resilience (52), and social support (53), we hypothesized that social support and resilience act as mediators between stress and life satisfaction among people with substance use disorder in China.

In addition, the existing research results show that as a social resource, social support directly affects resilience (54). Given the significant influence of resilience on life satisfaction, stress is assumed to exert a considerable indirect effect on life satisfaction by mediating the effects of social support and resilience. In particular, individuals with low stress perception receive high social support. Their mental flexibility is also improved. Thus, their life satisfaction is higher than that of the individuals with high stress perception. Social support and resilience play significant intermediary roles in the relationship between stress and life satisfaction. The hypothesis model is shown in Figure 1.

FIGURE 1
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 1. The hypothesized model concerning the relationship between stress and life satisfaction: social support and resilience as mediators.

Methods

Participants and Procedure

A total of 426 people with substance use disorder from China volunteered to participate in the study without compensation. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants prior to the initiation of the investigation. The participants were asked to independently complete the questionnaire in a conference room to ensure the confidentiality of their information. The questionnaire took approximately 30 min to complete.

The 426 participants, comprising 328 males and 95 females (excluding the missing ones), were from the Shifosi and Dalianshan rehabilitation facilities in China. Their age ranged from 19 to 51 years. For the education variable, the level of education degrees was considered as a reference criterion: 1 = elementary school and below, 2 = middle school, 3 = high school, and 4 = college and above. The distributions of the “1” and “3” variables were similar, i.e., each level accounted for nearly 20% of the participants. Meanwhile, variable “2” comprised the largest proportion (P = 53.1%), whereas variable “4” had the smallest proportion (P = 7%). Considering the marital status, 31.2% (n = 133) of the participants were single, 33.3% (n = 142) were married to a living spouse, 31.5% (n = 134) were divorced, and 2.3% (n = 10) were widowed. The drug abuse analysis indicated that 59.5% (n = 280) of the participants were addicted to meth, 26.3% (n = 112) to heroin, 2.1% (n = 9) to marijuana, 1.2% (n = 5) to cocaine, 0.9% (n = 4) to ecstasy, 0.7% (n = 3) to morphine, and 1.2% (n = 5) to other drugs. Furthermore, 56.4% of the respondents reported an annual income below 50,000 yuan, 20.4% between 50,000 to 10,000 yuan, and 19.7% < 10,000 yuan.

Measures

Stress

The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was administered to assess stress. It consists of 14 items, which measure the degree of stress experienced by the respondents over the past 4 weeks. PSS-14 uses a five-point Likert scale response format (from 0 = never to 4 = very often) (25). The PSS-14 score is based on a summary of all 14 projects. The Chinese version of PSS-14 achieves good levels of reliability (0.808) and validity among the Chinese population (55).

Social Support

The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) was administered to assess social support. In this scale, the participants respond to each question using a seven-point Likert scale (from 1 = very strongly disagree to 7 = very strongly agree). MSPSS focuses on three main subscales: family, friends, and significant other (56). The Chinese version of MSPSS achieves good levels of reliability and validity among the Chinese population (57, 58). The Cronbach's alpha of MSPSS in this study is 0.911, which indicates the high reliability of this scale.

Resilience

The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) was administered to assess resilience. The CD-RISC comprises 25 items, which can be rated using a five-point scale (0 = not true at all, 1 = rarely true, 2 = sometimes true, 3 = often true, 4 = true nearly all the time); a high score reflects greater resilience (59). The Chinese version of CD-RISC achieves good validity and reliability among the Chinese population (60). The Cronbach's alpha of CD-RISC in this study is 0.908, which indicates the high reliability of this scale.

Life Satisfaction

The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) was administered to assess life satisfaction. SWLS consists of five statements. Participants will indicate their degree of agreement to these statements using a seven-point Likert scale. The five statements are listed below. (1) In most ways, my life is close to my ideal. (2) The conditions of my life are excellent. (3) I am satisfied with my life. (4) So far, I have achieved the important things I want in life. (5) If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing. The seven-point scale is as follows: 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = slightly disagree, 4 = neither agree nor disagree, 5 = slightly agree, 6 = agree, and 7 = strongly agree. The SWLS score is derived by summarizing the rating of each participant for the five statements (61). The Chinese version of SWLS achieves good validity and reliability (57, 60, 62). The Cronbach's alpha of SWLS in this study is 0.844, which indicates the high reliability of this scale.

Results

Preliminary Analyses

We used an initial correlational analysis to test the relationships among stress, social support, resilience, and life satisfaction. The descriptive statistics included mean and standard deviation (SD), which were tested using IBM SPSS Statistics version 22.

The descriptive statistics (mean, SD, and alpha), reliability estimates (Cronbach's alpha coefficients), and correlations of all the variables are presented in Table 1. The results show significant correlations among all the variables. Stress was negatively related to social support, resilience, and life satisfaction, whereas life satisfaction was positively related to social support and resilience. These bivariate correlations support the following mediation analyses.

TABLE 1
www.frontiersin.org

Table 1. Means, standard deviations (SD), Alpha, reliabilities and intercorrelations among study variables.

Serial Multiple Mediation Model

A serial multiple mediation model was used to test the important roles of social support and resilience in mediating the relationship between stress and life satisfaction. Compared with the traditional mediation method, a serial multiple mediation model enables researchers to simultaneously analyse two or more mediators. Furthermore, it can provide effective values for each model path and account for other model paths. In accordance with the development of multiple mediation macros presented by Preacher and Hayes (63), we calculated the standard value of the direct and indirect coefficients in the relationship between stress and life satisfaction. All the path coefficients stand for regression weights in the relationship between independent and dependent variables.

As shown in Figure 2, the total effect (β = −0.1199, p < 0.05) from stress to life satisfaction was at a significant level (Step 1). Moreover, the direct paths from stress to social support (β = −0.5481, p < 0.001) and resilience (β = −0.8840, p < 0.001) were significant. Meanwhile, the paths from the first mediator (social support) to the second mediator (resilience) were also significant (β = 0.5065, p < 0.001) (Step 2). The paths from the mediators, namely, social support (β = 0.0696, p < 0.001) and resilience (β = 0.0785, p < 0.001), to life satisfaction were significant (Step 3). However, the direct path from stress to life satisfaction was insignificant (β = 0.0095, p > 0.05) (Step 4). Moreover, the mediating variables (social support and resilience) were observed to exert a mediating effect on the relationship between stress and life satisfaction.

FIGURE 2
www.frontiersin.org

Figure 2. The finalized structural model (N = 426) in the present study. Factor loading are standardized. Support, perceived social support; SS1-SS3, three parcels of social support; SS1, family support; SS2, friend support; SS3, specialist support; LS1-LS3, three parcels of life satisfaction; PSS1-PSS3, three parcels of stress; Re1-Re2, two parcels of resilience.

The bootstrapping procedures in the SPSS PROCESS macro from the serial multiple mediation model 6 were used to test the significance of the indirect effects of stress on life satisfaction through the mediation of social support and resilience (64). Following the recommendations of Shrout and Bolger (65), we generated 10,000 samples from the original dataset (N = 426) via random sampling. If the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the outcome of the mediation effect did not contain zero, then the mediation effect would be significant at the 0.05 level. Table 2 shows the indirect effects and their associated 95% CIs. As shown in the table, the total indirect effect (i.e., the difference between total effect and direct effect) of stress through social support and resilience on life satisfaction was significant (β = −0.1293, p < 0.001). The single mediation of social support, the multiple serial mediations of social support and resilience, and the single mediation of resilience in the relationship between stress and life satisfaction were all significant in the tested model.

TABLE 2
www.frontiersin.org

Table 2. Bootstrapping indirect effects and 95% confidence intervals(CI) for the final mediational model.

Discussion

In this study, we analyzed the mediating roles of social support and resilience in the relationship between stress and life satisfaction among individuals with substance use disorder in China. We hypothesized that stress is negatively related to life satisfaction, social support, and resilience. The correlational analyses indicated that our hypothesis is correct. Many previous studies have analyzed the relationships among stress, life satisfaction (66, 67), and resilience (38, 39). Furthermore, our correlational analyses showed that the relationship between stress and social support is negative. This result matches with those of the previous studies (68), which indicated that people who have substance disorder with low stress levels may maintain high social support.

Moreover, the mediating effects of social support and resilience on the relationship between stress and life satisfaction were significant among people with substance use disorder. Individuals with low stress levels can maintain higher social support than others, which enhances their resilience. All these advantages will enhance their life satisfaction levels. The results indicate that the life satisfaction of people with substance use disorder can be enhanced in many ways. Their stress level can be alleviated and their social support or resilience can be enhanced, thereby increasing their life satisfaction. Several previous studies have indicated that social support and resilience can decrease stress, and consequently, enhance life satisfaction. Hamama et al. (66) found that reducing the stress may enhance life satisfaction by increasing the social support from others. Shi et al. (45) found that resilience mediates the relationship between stress and life satisfaction.

From the final model of the present study, the path “stress → social support → resilience → life satisfaction” is significant. This path shows that individuals who have substance use disorder with low stress levels will receive more social support from others, which may increase their resilience, and consequently, their life satisfaction. Moreover, the research results indicate that social support and resilience are mediators between stress and life satisfaction. On the one hand, social support is a positive factor and predictor of increased life satisfaction; it can widen a person's social network, resist or relieve stress, and promote health (69, 70). Considerable research has identified the positive relationship between social support and life satisfaction (71). The results of the current study indicate that social support is a mediator between stress and life satisfaction. People who have substance use disorder with low stress levels may receive more social support, thereby increasing their life satisfaction. On the other hand, the mediating effect of resilience is consistent with the results of the previous studies (45). Research shows that chronic stress is positively related to reduced resilience, particularly in the face of loss (72). In addition, resilience is considered an important factor in the development of a person's life satisfaction (44, 73). On the basis of these results, inferring that resilience plays a mediating role in the relationship between stress and life satisfaction is reasonable. This study provides initial support for this hypothesis.

In summary, this study extended insights into the complex interactions among the stress, social support, resilience, and life satisfaction of Chinese individuals who have substance disorder. The important path from stress to social support to resilience to life satisfaction determines the internal mechanism between stress and life satisfaction. The results of the current study can provide valuable guidance in implementing psychological interventions to improve the life satisfaction of people with substance use disorder. Avoiding stress can be used as a preventive therapy to help such people to improve their life satisfaction. It can also be used as an active therapy to help them manipulate the impact of social support on their social relationships and mental resilience, thereby improving their life satisfaction.

However, the current study has several limitations. First, the data are completely dependent on face-to-face survey measures, which are prone to bias because the participants (i.e., people with substance use disorder) tend to provide responses with specific social needs. To reduce the impact of subjectivity, multiple assessment methods should be used for assessment. Second, the cross-sectional design of this study does not determine causality. In future studies, longitudinal and experimental methods can be used to analyze the relationships among stress, perceived social support, resilience, and life satisfaction. Third, the results of the current research are based on 2D measures of social support and resilience. In future studies, other facets of stress must be examined. Other possible mediating factors, such as loneliness, self-esteem, and happiness, must also be explored. Lastly, the sample in the current study was obtained from the population of individuals with substance use disorder. Thus, whether the current findings can be generalized to other population groups, such as the youth, males, females, and the elderly, requires further investigation.

Ethics Statement

This study was approved by the ethics committee of Nanjing Medical University, which fully considers safety and fairness principles. The research content will not pose any harm or danger to any group. The recruitment of the subjects will be entirely voluntary and informed consent will be obtained from the participants. The researchers exert maximum protection to guarantee the privacy of the subjects, the research contents, and the research results.

Author Contributions

There are a total of four authors are involved in this paper. CY and MX contributed equally to this work. MX is responsible for this paper, literature review and discussion part. CY is responsible for the whole framework and data processing as well as part of this paper. MH is responsible for the parts in this paper, the method and the polishing of the essay. YL is responsible for guiding the writing of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholar of China (71622013): Social Security and Public Policy, the General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (71473117), the Major Program of Philosophy and Social Science Research in Jiangsu (2015ZDIXM003), and the Major Program of National Nature Science Foundation of China (71390520, 71390521). Key project of research fund in Changzhou Institute of Technology (YN1523).

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References

1. Puras D, Hannah J. Reasons for drug policy reform: prohibition enables systemic human rights abuses and undermines public health. BMJ (2017) 356:i6586. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i6586

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

2. Niaz K, Pietchman T, Davis P, Carpentier C, Raithelhuber M. World Drug Report 2017 (2017).

3. Merz F. United nations office on drugs and crime: world drug report 2017. 2017. SIRIUS-Zeitschrift für Strategische Anal. (2018) 2:85–6. doi: 10.1515/sirius-2018-0016

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

4. National Narcotics Control Commission (2017). Annual Report on Drug-The Using Situation in China. National Narcotics Control Commission.

5. Simmons LA, Havens JR, Whiting JB, Holz JL, Bada H. Illicit drug use among women with children in the United States: 2002–2003. Ann Epidemiol. (2009) 19:187–93. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.12.007

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

6. Cleck JN, Blendy JA. Making a bad thing worse: adverse effects of stress on drug addiction. J Clin Invest. (2008) 118:454–61. doi: 10.1172/JCI33946

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

7. Jackson LA, Dykeman M, Gahagan J, Karabanow J, Parker J. Challenges and opportunities to integrating family members of injection drug users into harm reduction efforts within the Atlantic Canadian context. Int J Drug Policy (2011) 22:385–92. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.05.011

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

8. Cregan C, Kulik CT, Salinger D. The effects of age and drug dependency on the emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction of adult streetworkers in Australia. Arch Sex Behav. (2013) 42:851–61. doi: 10.1007/s10508-012-0049-x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

9. Deckman T, DeWall CN, Way B, Gilman R, Richman S. Can marijuana reduce social pain? Soc Psychol Personal Sci. (2014) 5:131–9. doi: 10.1177/1948550613488949

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

10. Maeyer J, Vanderplasschen W, Broekaert E. Exploratory study on drug Users' perspectives on quality of life: more than health-related quality of life? Soc Indic Res. (2009) 90:107–26. doi: 10.1007/s11205-008-9315-7

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

11. Best D, Beckwith M, Haslam C, Haslam SA, Jetten J, Mawson E, et al. Overcoming alcohol and other drug addiction as a process of social identity transition: the social identity model of recovery (simor). Addict Res. (2015) 24:111–23. doi: 10.3109/16066359.2015.1075980

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

12. Zhou Y, Zhu H, Jin X, Li X, Zhang M, Zhang F, et al. Biased attention towards negative schematic expression in abstinent heroin abusers. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry (2012) 43:705–10. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.10.004

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

13. Mantsch JR, Baker DA, Funk D, Lê AD, Shaham Y. Stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking: 20 years of progress. Neuropsychopharmacology (2016) 41:335. doi: 10.1038/npp.2015.142

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

14. Graziane NM, Polter AM, Briand LA, Pierce RC, Kauer JA. Kappa opioid receptors regulate stress-induced cocaine seeking and synaptic plasticity. Neuron (2013) 77:942–54. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.12.034

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

15. Goodman J, Packard MG. Memory systems and the addicted brain. Front Psychiatry (2016) 7:24. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00024

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

16. Tartaglia S, Miglietta A, Gattino S. Life satisfaction and cannabis use: a study on young adults. J Happiness Stud. (2017) 18:709–18. doi: 10.1007/s10902-016-9742-0

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

17. Yi Y, Liang Y, Rui G. A reverse factual analysis of the association between smoking and memory decline in China. Int J Equity Health (2016) 15:130. doi: 10.1186/s12939-016-0417-6

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

18. Rossow I, Lauritzen G. Balancing on the edge of death: suicide attempts and life-threatening overdoses among drug addicts. Addiction (1999) 94:209–19. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.9422095.x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

19. Chen W, Zhang D, Pan Y, Hu T, Liu G, Luo S. Perceived social support and self-esteem as mediators of the relationship between parental attachment and life satisfaction among Chinese adolescents. Pers Individ Dif. (2017) 108:98–102. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.009

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

20. Becchetti L, Conzo P. Preferences for well-being and life satisfaction. Soc Indic Res. (2018) 136:775–805. doi: 10.1007/s11205-017-1566-8

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

21. Douglass RP, Duffy RD. Strengths use and life satisfaction: a moderated mediation approach. J Happ Stud. (2015) 16:619–32. doi: 10.1007/s10902-014-9525-4

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

22. Yap ST, Baharudin R. The relationship between adolescents' perceived parental involvement, self-efficacy beliefs, and subjective well-being: a multiple mediator model. Soc Indic Res. (2016) 126:257–78. doi: 10.1007/s11205-015-0882-0

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

23. Jovanović V, Gavrilov-Jerković V. (2016). The structure of adolescent affective well-being: the case of the PANAS among Serbian adolescents. J Happiness Stud. 17:2097–117. doi: 10.1007/s10902-015-9687-8

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

24. Schiffrin HH, Nelson SK. Stressed and happy? Investigating the relationship between happiness and perceived stress. J Happ Stud. (2010) 11:33–9. doi: 10.1007/s10902-008-9104-7

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

25. Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. (1983) 385–96. doi: 10.2307/2136404

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

26. Samaha M, Hawi NS. Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Comput Human Behav. (2016) 57:321–5. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.045

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

27. Bhullar N, Schutte NS, Malouff JM. The nature of well-being: The roles of hedonic and eudaimonic processes and trait emotional intelligence. J Psychol. (2013) 147:1–16. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2012.667016

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

28. Ng W, Diener E, Aurora R, Harter J. Affluence, feelings of stress, and well-being. Soc Indic Res. (2009) 94:257–71. doi: 10.1007/s11205-008-9422-5

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

29. Sonnentag S, Fritz C. Recovery from job stress: the stressor-detachment model as an integrative framework. J Organ Behav. (2015) 36:S72–103. doi: 10.1002/job.1924

CrossRef Full Text

30. Baker AM, Soto JA, Perez CR, Lee EA. Acculturative status and psychological well-being in an Asian American sample. Asian Am J Psychol. (2012) 3:275–85. doi: 10.1037/a0026842

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

31. Dunkel Schetter C. Psychological science on pregnancy: stress processes, biopsychosocial models, and emerging research issues. Annu Rev Psychol. (2011) 62:531–58. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.031809.130727

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

32. Meyer IH, Schwartz S, Frost DM. Social patterning of stress and coping: does disadvantaged social statuses confer more stress and fewer coping resources? Soc Sci Med. (2008) 67:368–79. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.012

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

33. Thoits PA. Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. J Health Soc Behav. (2011) 52:145–61. doi: 10.1177/0022146510395592

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

34. Nikmanesh Z, Honakzehi F. Examining perceived social support, positive affection, and spirituality, as resilience factors, among boys of drug-dependent fathers. Shiraz E Med J. (2016) 17:1–11. doi: 10.17795/semj42200

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

35. Laudet AB, Morgen K, White WL. The role of social supports, spirituality, religiousness, life meaning and affiliation with 12-step fellowships in quality of life satisfaction among individuals in recovery from alcohol and drug problems. Alcohol Treat Q. (2006) 24:33–73. doi: 10.1300/J020v24n01_04

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

36. Laudet AB, Magura S, Vogel HS, Knight E. Support, mutual aid and recovery from dual diagnosis. Commun Ment Health J. (2000) 36:457–76. doi: 10.1023/A:1001982829359

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

37. Wang Y, Huang Z, Kong F. Parenting stress and life satisfaction in mothers of children with cerebral palsy: the mediating effect of social support. J Health Psychol. (2017) 10:1–10. doi: 10.1177/1359105317739100

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

38. Hao S, Hong W, Xu H, Zhou L, Xie Z. Relationship between resilience, stress and burnout among civil servants in Beijing, China: mediating and moderating effect analysis. Pers Individ Dif. (2015) 83:65–71. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.048

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

39. Bonanno GA, Galea S, Bucciarelli A, Vlahov D. What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress. J Consult Clin Psychol. (2007) 75:671. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.75.5.671

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

40. Wolf EJ, Miller MW, Sullivan DR, Amstadter AB, Mitchell KS, Goldberg J, et al. A classical twin study of PTSD symptoms and resilience: evidence for a single spectrum of vulnerability to traumatic stress. Depress Anxiety (2018) 35:132–9. doi: 10.1002/da.22712

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

41. Exenberger S, Juen B. Well-Being, Resilience and Quality of life From Children's Perspectives: A Contextualized Approach. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media (2013).

Google Scholar

42. Liu Y, Wang Z, Lü W. Resilience and affect balance as mediators between trait emotional intelligence and life satisfaction. Pers Individ Dif. (2013) 54:850–5. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.010

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

43. Ronen T, Hamama L, Rosenbaum M, Mishely-Yarlap A. Subjective well-being in adolescence: The role of self-control, social support, age, gender, and familial crisis. J Happiness Stud. (2016) 17:81–104. doi: 10.1007/s10902-014-9585-5

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

44. Liu JC, Chang LY, Wu SY, Tsai PS. Resilience mediates the relationship between depression and psychological health status in patients with heart failure: a cross-sectional study. Int J Nurs Stud. (2015) 52:1846–53. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.07.005

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

45. Shi M, Wang X, Bian Y, Wang L. The mediating role of resilience in the relationship between stress and life satisfaction among Chinese medical students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med Educ. (2015) 15:16. doi: 10.1186/s12909-015-0297-2

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

46. Denovan A, Macaskill A. Stress and subjective well-being among first year UK undergraduate students. J Happiness Stud. (2017) 18:505–25. doi: 10.1007/s10902-016-9736-y

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

47. Eskin M, Savk E, Uslu M, Küçükaydogan N. Social problem-solving, perceived stress, negative life events, depression and life satisfaction in psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. (2014) 28:1553–9. doi: 10.1111/jdv.12355

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

48. Moschion J, Powdthavee N. The welfare implications of addictive substances: a longitudinal study of life satisfaction of drug users. J Econ Behav Organ. 146:206–21. doi: 10.1016/j.jebo.2017.12.016

CrossRef Full Text

49. Laudet AB, White WL. Recovery capital as prospective predictor of sustained recovery, life satisfaction, and stress among former poly-substance users. Subst Use Misuse (2008) 43:27–54. doi: 10.1080/10826080701681473

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

50. Cuomo C, Sarchiapone M, Giannantonio MD, Mancini M, Roy A. Aggression, impulsivity, personality traits, and childhood trauma of prisoners with substance abuse and addiction. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse (2008) 34:339–45. doi: 10.1080/00952990802010884

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

51. Satici SA. Psychological vulnerability, resilience, and subjective well-being: the mediating role of hope. Pers Individ Diff. (2016) 102:68–73. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.057

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

52. Walker FR, Pfingst K, Carnevali L, Sgoifo A, Nalivaiko E. In the search for integrative biomarker of resilience to psychological stress. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. (2017) 74:310–20. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.003

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

53. Hoffman S, Hatch MC. Stress, social support and pregnancy outcome: a reassessment based on recent research. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. (1996) 10:380–405. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.1996.tb00063.x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

54. Sippel LM, Pietrzak RH, Charney DS, Mayes LC, Southwick SM. How does social support enhance resilience in the trauma-exposed individual? Ecol Soc. (2015) 20:1–10. doi: 10.5751/ES-07832-200410

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

55. Geng L, Xiang P, Yang J, Shen H, Sang Z. Association between hair cortisol concentration and perceived stress in female methamphetamine addicts. J Psychosom Res. (2016) 91:82–6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.10.011

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

56. Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Clin Psychol. (1991) 47:756–61. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(199111)47:6 < 756::AID-JCLP2270470605>3.0.CO;2-L

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

57. Kong F, You X. Loneliness and self-esteem as mediators between social support and life satisfaction in late adolescence. Soc Indic Res. (2013) 110:271–9. doi: 10.1007/s11205-011-9930-6

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

58. Zhao J, Song F, Chen Q, Li M, Wang Y, Kong F. Linking shyness to loneliness in Chinese adolescents: the mediating role of core self-evaluation and social support. Pers Individ Dif. (2018) 125:140–4. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.01.007

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

59. Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: the connor-davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety (2003) 18:76–82. doi: 10.1002/da.10113

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

60. Kong F, Wang X, Hu S, Liu J. Neural correlates of psychological resilience and their relation to life satisfaction in a sample of healthy young adults. Neuroimage (2015) 123:165–72. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.020

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

61. Pavot W, Diener E. The affective and cognitive context of self-reported measures of subjective well-being. Soc Indic Res (1993) 28:1–20. doi: 10.1007/BF01086714

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

62. Kong F, Ding K, Zhao J. The relationships among gratitude, self-esteem, social support and life satisfaction among undergraduate students. J Happiness Stud. (2015) 16:477–89. doi: 10.1007/s10902-014-9519-2

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

63. Preacher KJ, Hayes AF. Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behav Res Methods (2008) 40:879–91. doi: 10.3758/BRM.40.3.879

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

64. Hayes AF. PROCESS: A Versatile Computational Tool for Observed Variable Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Modeling. (2012). Available online at: http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf

Google Scholar

65. Shrout PE, Bolger N. Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychol Methods (2002) 7:422. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

66. Hamama L, Ronen T, Shachar K, Rosenbaum M. Links between stress, positive and negative affect, and life satisfaction among teachers in special education schools. J Happiness Stud. (2013) 14:731–51. doi: 10.1007/s10902-012-9352-4

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

67. Ambriz MGJ, Izal M, Montorio I. Psychological and social factors that promote positive adaptation to stress and adversity in the adult life cycle. J Happ Stud. (2012) 13:833–48. doi: 10.1007/s10902-011-9294-2

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

68. Delongis A, Holtzman S. Coping in context: The role of stress, social support, and personality in coping. J Pers. (2005) 73:1633–56. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00361.x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

69. Siedlecki KL, Salthouse TA, Oishi S, Jeswani S. The relationship between social support and subjective well-being across age. Soc Indic Res. (2014) 117:561–76. doi: 10.1007/s11205-013-0361-4

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

70. Oh HJ, Ozkaya E, LaRose R. How does online social networking enhance life satisfaction? The relationships among online supportive interaction, affect, perceived social support, sense of community, and life satisfaction. Comput Hum Behav. (2014) 30:69–78. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.053

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

71. Lim C, Putnam RD. Religion, social networks, and life satisfaction. Am Soc Rev. (2010) 75:914–33. doi: 10.1177/0003122410386686

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

72. Ong AD, Bergeman CS, Bisconti TL. The role of daily positive emotions during conjugal bereavement. J Gerontol. (2004) 59:P168. doi: 10.1093/geronb/59.4.P168

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

73. Bajaj B, Pande N. Mediating role of resilience in the impact of mindfulness on life satisfaction and affect as indices of subjective well-being. Person Indiv Diff. (2016) 93:63–7. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.005

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Keywords: stress, social support, resilience, life satisfaction, people with substance use disorder

Citation: Yang C, Xia M, Han M and Liang Y (2018) Social Support and Resilience as Mediators Between Stress and Life Satisfaction Among People With Substance Use Disorder in China. Front. Psychiatry 9:436. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00436

Received: 14 May 2018; Accepted: 23 August 2018;
Published: 16 October 2018.

Edited by:

Marie-Josée Fleury, McGill University, Canada

Reviewed by:

Shiri Lavy, University of Haifa, Israel
Feng Kong, Shaanxi Normal University, China

Copyright © 2018 Yang, Xia, Han and Liang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Ying Liang, njulucy66@163.com

These authors have contributed equally to this work

Chunyu Yang orcid.org/0000-0003-3306-9744
Mengfan Xia orcid.org/0000-0003-1388-1831
Mengmeng Han orcid.org/0000-0003-1273-0943

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.