Gpr125 Marks Distinct Cochlear Cell Types and Is Dispensable for Cochlear Development and Hearing

Introduction

G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs) form one of the largest gene families in the human genomes and serve critical functions across multiple organs (Pickering et al., 2008). Among the five subfamilies of mammalian GPRs, the adhesion family represents the second largest and consists of nine distinct subfamilies and 33 members, 10 of which have defined biological functions (Hamann et al., 2015; Vizurraga et al., 2020). For example, Gpr56 deficiency causes brain malformation and myelination defects (Ganesh et al., 2020) and disrupts seminiferous tubule remodeling in the developing testis in mice (Chen et al., 2010). Gpr124 knockout mice display abnormal angiogenesis in the developing forebrain and spinal cord, leading to hemorrhage and embryonic lethality (Cullen et al., 2011). Conditional deletion of Gpr124 in adult mice disrupts the blood–brain barrier in ischemic conditions, underscoring its role in the mature organ (Chang et al., 2017). Another member of the GPR adhesion family, Gpr126, is required for myelination by Schwann cells in the mouse peripheral nerve system (Monk et al., 2011). Lastly, Celsr1-deficient mice demonstrate neural tube closure defects, abnormal skin hair patterning, and deformities (Curtin et al., 2003; Doudney and Stanier, 2005; Aw et al., 2016; Boucherie et al., 2018). These findings implicate significant roles for adhesion GPRs during development and homeostasis.

Several adhesion GPRs have been shown to be important for cochlear development. First, mutation of Gpr98 causes moderate to severe congenital hearing loss in humans (Moteki et al., 2015; Bousfiha et al., 2017). In mice, Gpr98 (or Very Large G-protein coupled receptor 1, Vlgr1) is required for the assembly of the ankle link complex and in the subsequent bundle development and survival of cochlear hair cells (McGee et al., 2006; Zou et al., 2015). As another adhesion GPR, Celsr1 is a planar cell polarity core protein expressed in cochlear and vestibular hair cells in mice (Curtin et al., 2003; Duncan et al., 2017). Its deficiency causes planar cell polarity defects of vestibular and cochlear hair cells and aberrant turning of axons in Type II spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) (Curtin et al., 2003; Duncan et al., 2017; Ghimire et al., 2018). While these studies underscore the roles of adhesion GPRs in the inner ear, whether other adhesion GPRs also play similar roles is currently unknown.

As a member of the adhesion family, Gpr125 is a 57-kDa transmembrane signal transducer (Hamann et al., 2015; Wu et al., 2018). Gpr125 was originally described as a marker of spermatogonia stem cells (Seandel et al., 2007). More recently, Gpr125 has also been shown to be required for gastrulation and convergent extension movements by interacting with Disheveled proteins in zebrafish (Li et al., 2013). Here, we examined the Gpr125^lacZ/+ reporter mice and show that Gpr125 is dynamically expressed in the embryonic and postnatal cochlea. We demonstrate that Gpr125-β-Gal is highly expressed in the LER and its derivatives in both the embryonic and postnatal cochleae. In addition, we found that Gpr125-β-Gal is transiently expressed in multiple other cell types in the late embryonic and early postnatal cochleae, including outer hair cells (OHCs), epithelial cells lining the lateral cochlear wall, interdental cells, and SGNs. Despite germline deletion of Gpr125, the embryonic and postnatal Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochleae show normal specification and organization of hair cell and supporting cell subtypes with no detectable convergent extension or hair cell polarity defects. The adult Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ mice also show normal auditory physiology. In summary, our study reveals that Gpr125 is dynamically expressed in multiple sensory and non-sensory cell types in the developing and mature cochlea, and is dispensable for the development and maintenance of the organ.

Results

Gpr125 Marks the Lesser Epithelial Ridge in the Early Embryonic Cochlea

In mice, the cochlear duct arises as a ventral out-pocketing of the developing otocyst around E11 (Driver et al., 2017). The prosensory region marked by Sox2 is flanked medially by the greater epithelial ridge and laterally by the lesser epithelial ridge (LER). At E15.5, prosensory cells are specified to become hair cells first in the mid-basal region, extending as a wave toward the apical turn over the next 2–3 days (Chen et al., 2002). Coinciding with this wave of cell specification, the cochlear duct lengthens with sensory and non-sensory cells precisely oriented, in processes called convergent extension and planar polarization.

In the embryonic (E) 15.5 cochlea, prosensory cells are specified to become hair cells (Driver and Kelley, 2020). The prosensory domain resides in the floor of the cochlear duct between the greater and lesser epithelial ridges. Hair cell specification first occurs in the basal turn and then extends in a wave toward the apex (Chen et al., 2002). To study the expression pattern of Gpr125 at this developmental stage, we examined the Gpr125^lacZ/+ knock-in mouse, in which a lacZ-neomycin cassette was inserted into exon 15 (see Materials and Methods for details). The cochleae were immunostained for lacZ [β-galactoside (β-Gal)], Myosin7a, and CD44 (Figure 1A). At E15.5, Myosin7a marks outer and inner hair cells, and CD44 marks the LER only in the basal turn and occasionally expressed in the periotic mesenchyme surrounding the cochlear duct (Figures 1A,A’; Hasson et al., 1995; Hertzano et al., 2010). As controls, no Gpr125-β-Gal-positive cells were observed in wild-type cochleae (Figures 1B–D). In each turn of Gpr125^lacZ/+ cochleae, robust nuclear Gpr125-β-Gal expression was detected in the LER and outer sulcus in the lateral cochlear ductal floor and in the SGNs in the modiolus (Figures 1E–G, Supplementary Figures 1A–D). Expression in the apical turn is noticeably less intense than the middle and basal turns in both the cochlear duct and SGNs, suggesting an increasing apical–basal gradient. In the basal turn where specification of Myosin7a⁺ hair cells has occurred, we found CD44 expression overlapping with β-Gal expression in the LER (Figure 1G). We also observed a relatively weaker Gpr125-β-Gal signal in the outer sulcus extending to the lower half of the lateral cochlear wall (Figures 1E–G). Taken together, these results indicate that Gpr125 is expressed in the LER, preceding the onset of CD44 expression and sensory cell specification in the early embryonic cochlea.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Expression patterns of Gpr125 in E15.5 Gpr125^lacZ/+ mice. (A,A’) Low-magnification images of midmodiolar cochlear sections of E15.5 Gpr125^lacZ/+ mice. Co-immunostaining of Gpr125-β-Gal (green), CD44 (red), and Myosin 7a (blue) shown in each cochlear turn. Gpr125-β-Gal-positive cells primarily occupied the floor throughout the entire cochlear duct. (B–D’) No Gpr125-β-Gal-positive cells were found in the wild-type cochleae. (E–G’) In the Gpr125^lacZ/+ cochleae, Gpr125-β-Gal expression was detected in the floor and SGNs of each cochlear turn. Expression is spatially restricted to the LER and outer sulcus, and more robust in the middle and base turn relative to the apex. Gpr125-β-Gal signal in the outer sulcus extends to the lower half of the lateral cochlear wall. Gpr125-β-Gal expression overlapped with CD44, which marks the LER only in the basal turn at this age. Inset in panel (G) shows high-magnification image. CD44 is also occasionally expressed in the periotic mesenchyme surrounding the cochlear duct. Red arrow marks CD44-positive cells in panels (D’,G’). n = 4 for wild type, n = 3 for Gpr125^lacZ/+.

Gpr125 Expression Broadens in the Late Embryonic Cochlea

At E18.5, both outer and inner hair cells and most support cell subtypes are specified in all three cochlear turns (Kolla et al., 2020). In the Gpr125^lacZ/+ cochlea, strong β-Gal signal was detected in the LER, lateral cochlear wall, and weak signal in the modiolus (Figure 2A). No Gpr125-β-Gal expression was detected in the wild-type cochlea (Figures 2B,C,F,G,J,K). In the lateral cochlear wall, Gpr125-β-Gal is strongly expressed in cells spanning from the LER to the lateral cochlear wall (Figures 2D,H,L). This expression is broader and more intense than that of E15.5, when Gpr125-β-Gal expression is restricted to the lower half of the lateral wall. Within the LER domain, cells located in the lateral two-thirds strongly express Gpr125-β-Gal, whereas the two rows of cells residing in the medial portion show weaker but detectable expression in all three cochlear turns (Figures 2D,E,H,I,L,M). We immunostained for CD44 and found that CD44 marks the LER, inner phalangeal cells inside the cochlear duct, and also the mesenchymal cells outside the roof (Figures 2B–D’), and overlapped with Gpr125-β-Gal expression in the LER (Figures 2D,H,L). Medial LER cells, which presumably give rise to Hensen’s cells, lack CD44 expression (Figures 2D,H,L). No apical–basal gradient was

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. Expression patterns of Gpr125 in E18.5 Gpr125^lacZ/+ mice. (A,A’) Representative images of midmodiolar cochlear sections of E18.5 Gpr125^lacZ/+ mice immunostained for Gpr125-β-Gal (green), CD44 (red), and Myosin7a (blue). Gpr125-β-Gal expression located in the LER, lateral cochlear wall, OHCs and SGNs (asterisks). (B–C’) CD44 marks the LER and inner phalangeal cells inside the cochlear duct and also the mesenchymal cells outside the roof. No Gpr125-β-Gal expression was observed in the wild-type cochleae. (D,D’) Gpr125-β-Gal expression was detected at the LER (yellow arrowhead) extending to the lateral cochlear wall (red arrowhead) at the apical turn of Gpr125^lacZ/+ cochlea. Low expression was also noted in outer hair cells (red arrows). (E,E’) Confocal images of whole mount cochlea (apical turn shown) from E18.5 Gpr125^lacZ/+ mice showing co-expression of Gpr125-β-Gal and CD44 in the LER. Gpr125-β-Gal expression was also detected in the CD44-negative Hensen’s cells and OHCs (red arrows). (F–G’) No Gpr125-β-Gal signal was detected at the middle turns of the wild-type cochlea. (H–I’) Like the apical turn, Gpr125-β-Gal was detected in the lateral cochlear wall and LER in the middle turn of Gpr125^lacZ/+ cochlea (red and yellow arrowheads, respectively). Gpr125-β-Gal was not detected in hair cells. (J–K’) No Gpr125-β-Gal signal was detected at the base of the wild-type cochlea. (L–M’) Gpr125-β-Gal is expressed in the LER and lateral cochlear wall in the base turn of Gpr125^lacZ/+ cochlea. High-magnification images shown in inset for panels (D,H). GER, greater epithelial ridge; LER, lesser epithelial ridge; IHC, inner hair cells; OHC, outer hair cells; SGN, spiral ganglion neurons.

observed with Gpr125-β-Gal expression in the LER at this age (Figures 2D,E,H,I,L,M). On the other hand, Gpr125-β-Gal is weakly expressed among OHCs only in the apical turn (Figures 2D,E) at this time point. As hair cells are more mature in the basal turn, these data suggest that Gpr125 is transiently expressed in OHCs and is rapidly downregulated as the hair cells mature. Relative to E15.5, Gpr125 expression at E18.5 is less restricted, labeling the LER, lateral cochlear wall, and modiolus.

Expression Pattern of Gpr125 in the Postnatal Cochlea

The postnatal cochlea undergoes several morphological changes, including opening of the tunnel of Corti around P5–P7 and the apoptosis of the GER between P7 and P10 (Peeters et al., 2015; Basch et al., 2016). To determine the expression of Gpr125 in the postnatal cochlea, we immunolabeled Gpr125-β-Gal in the Gpr125^lacZ/+ cochlea at P0, P4, and P30. We first analyzed the wild-type cochlea at P0, P4, and P30 and no Gpr125-β-Gal-positive cells were detected (not shown). Similar to E18.5, Gpr125-β-Gal-positive cells were primarily observed in the LER and lateral cochlear wall in the P0 Gpr125^lacZ/+ cochlea (Figure 3A). In contrast to E18.5, the Gpr125-β-Gal signal is absent in the OHCs in all turns at P0 (Figures 3A,C), supporting the observation that Gpr125 is transiently expressed in the embryonic OHCs. Relative to E18.5, Gpr125-β-Gal expression is more robust in the CD44-positive lateral LER (presumed Claudius cells) and outer sulcus (Figure 3C). At both P0 and P4, expression of Gpr125-β-Gal is more intense in the medial, CD44-negative LER (presumed Hensen’s cells) than at E18.5. Moreover, the expression of β-Gal in the outer sulcus and LER is more intense at P4 compared to P0 (Figures 3B,D). In the lateral cochlear wall, Gpr125-β-Gal signal was detected in the stria vascularis, with signal appearing the highest in the epithelial layer at both P0 and P4 (Figures 3A,B). Compared to P0, Gpr125-β-Gal expression in the lateral wall is markedly lower at P4 (Figure 3B). Lastly, we detected Gpr125-β-Gal signal in interdental cells in P4 but not P0 Gpr125^lacZ/+ cochleae (Figures 3A,B).

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. Expression of Gpr125 in the postnatal cochlea. (A,A’) Representative image of section of the middle turn of P0 Gpr125^lacZ/+ cochlea. Gpr125-β-Gal was detected in the lateral cochlear wall, stria vascularis (SV, red arrowheads), outer sulcus, SGNs, and LER (yellow arrowheads). CD44 marks Claudius cells. Inset demonstrates high magnification of interdental cells (IDC, white arrows) in panel (A). No expression was detected in the IDCs or outer hair cells (red arrows). (B) Midmodiolar sections of P4 Gpr125^lacZ/+ cochlea showing Gpr125-β-Gal expression in the LER, SGNs, SV, and outer sulcus. (B’,B”) At P4, Gpr125-β-Gal expression was detected at the lateral cochlear wall, SV (red arrowheads), outer sulcus, IDCs (white arrows), and LER (yellow arrowheads). (C–D”) Whole mount preparation of P0 and P4 Gpr125^lacZ/+ cochleae showing β-Gal and CD44 expression in LER, and Gpr125-β-Gal expression alone in Hensen’s cells (HeC). (E–F’) At P30, Gpr125-β-Gal expression was detected in Claudius cells (yellow arrowheads), Hensen’s cells (yellow arrows), and outer sulcus (cyan arrowheads). Relative to P4, Gpr125-β-Gal expression in the IDC (white arrows) is more intense. Insets show magnification of boxed areas in A–E. SV, stria vascularis; LER, lesser epithelial ridge; OHC, outer hair cells; SGN, spiral ganglion neurons; IHC, inner hair cells.

In the mature, P30 cochlea, Gpr125-β-Gal expression is still robust in the outer sulcus, Claudius cells, and Hensen’s cells. However, Gpr125-β-Gal signal is no longer detectable in the stria vascularis (Figures 3E,F). Furthermore, relative to P4, β-Gal expression in the interdental cells appears more intense at P30. There is no difference in the immunolabeling of β-Gal from the apical to basal turns (data not shown). Together, these data indicate that Gpr125 is dynamically expressed in multiple cell types in the postnatal cochlea, except in Claudius and Hensen’s cells where expression is consistent.

Cochlear Development in the Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ Mice

To validate Gpr125 deletion, in situ hybridization using probes specific for the Gpr125 exons 15–19 was performed in P0 wild-type and Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ mice. As the lacZ cassette is inserted into exon 15, mRNA expression detected by these probes was expected to be lower in Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ mice. After combining immunostaining for β-Gal and Myosin7a with in situ hybridization, we observed abundant Gpr125 mRNA expression in multiple cochlear regions in wild-type mice and a notable absence of Gpr125 transcripts in the same region in Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochleae (Figures 4A–C). Gpr125 mRNA signal is evident in several areas of the P0 wild-type cochleae, including hair cells, interdental cells, LER, Reissner’s membrane, stria vascularis, tympanic border cells, spiral limbus, and the modiolus (presumed spiral ganglia neurons, SGNs) (Figures 4B,D). This pattern is noticeably broader than that of Gpr125-β-Gal. For example, Gpr125 mRNA was detected in P0 interdental cells and stria vascularis where no β-Gal signal was detected. No β-Gal signal was observed in the wild-type cochleae. In P0 Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochleae, β-Gal signal was mainly noted in SGNs, LER, and stria vascularis similar to Gpr125^lacZ/+ cochleae (Figures 4C,E). Compared to wild-type cochlea, markedly lower Gpr125 mRNA signal was detected in the stria vascularis and LER in the Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochleae (Figure 4E), indicating that Gpr125 transcripts are markedly reduced in the homozygous cochleae. The specificity of the signal was confirmed by the lack of signal in negative controls (using probes against Dapb) (Figure 4F). The signal intensity of each region was compared to positive controls (using probes against Polr2), which displayed robust staining (Figure 4G). Because some mRNA signal remained in the Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochleae, we quantified the levels of β-Gal and Gpr125 mRNA signal in defined regions of the cochlea. The Gpr125 mRNA signal is the most intense in the LER and stria vascularis in the wild-type cochleae. Similarly, β-Gal expression in these two regions is the most intense in the Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochleae (Figure 4H). Relatively lower Gpr125 mRNA expression was detected in hair cells, interdental cells, Reissner’s membrane, tympanic border cells, and spiral limbus of wild-type cochleae, whereas no Gpr125 mRNA signal was detected in those regions in Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochlea, suggesting that Gpr125 is absent in these regions. Overall, Gpr125 mRNA levels significantly correlated with the β-Gal signals (R² = 0.82, p < 0.01, Pearson’s correlation, Figure 4H). Together, these data validate the Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochlea as a model to assess Gpr125 deficiency.

FIGURE 4

Figure 4. Gpr125 mRNA expression in wild-type and Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochleae. (A) Schematic of P0 cochlea showing subtypes of hair cells and supporting cells. BC, Boettcher cells; DC, Deiters’ cells; TBC, tympanic border cells; PC, pillar cells; IPC, inner phalangeal cells; LER, lesser epithelial ridge; HeC, Hensen’s cells; OHC, outer hair cells; IHC, inner hair cells; GER, greater epithelial ridge; SGNs, spiral ganglion neurons. (B,C) Low-magnification image of cryosection demonstrates robust Gpr125 mRNA expression in P0 wild-type cochlea. Gpr125 mRNA expression is low or undetectable in most regions in the Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochlea, with the exception of the lateral wall and LER where significant expression remained detectable. (D–D”) High-magnification images of cochlear section showing robust Gpr125 mRNA signals in the wild-type cochlea. Robust Gpr125 mRNA signals were detected at the lateral cochlear wall (LW), outer sulcus, and lesser epithelial ridge, and at lower levels in the organ of Corti, Reissner’s membrane, tympanic border cells (red arrow), spiral limbus, and greater epithelial ridge. No Gpr125-β-Gal-positive cells were detected in the wild-type cochlea. (E–E”) Relative to the wild-type cochlea, Gpr125 mRNA signal is dramatically lower in the Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochlea. (F–F”) Labeling for Dihydrodipicolinate reductase (Dapb) is used as a negative control. (G–G”) Labeling for RNA polymerase II (Polr2) is used as a positive control. (H) Fluorescence intensity of Gpr125 mRNA and Gpr125-β-Gal protein in cell types of interest. Gpr125 mRNA signal is the highest in the LER in wild-type cochleae. Similarly, immunolabeling for β-Gal protein expression is the strongest in the LER in Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochleae. The fluorescence of Gpr125 mRNA correlated to β-Gal (R² = 0.82, p < 0.01, Pearson’s correlation). Data are presented as mean ± SD.

Dynamic Expression of Gpr125 in SGNs

We next characterized Gpr125 expression in the SGNs in the embryonic and postnatal cochlea. At E15.5 and E18.5, a relatively low expression of Gpr125-β-Gal was detected in Tuj1⁺ (class III beta-tubulin) SGNs in Gpr125^lacZ/+ and Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochleae (Figures 5A–F). In the modiolus, β-Gal expression is limited to SGNs in the modiolus at E15.5, E18.5, and P0. Relative to these ages, β-Gal expression is noticeably higher at P4 (Figures 5G–L). By P30, we could not detect any Gpr125-β-Gal signal in Tuj1-positive SGNs, while some Gpr125-β-Gal-positive, Tuj1-negative cells (presumably glial or satellite cells) were observed (Figures 5M–O). No apical-to-basal gradient of Gpr125-β-Gal expression was observed except for E15.5 (Supplementary Figure 1). Taken together, these findings demonstrate that Gpr125 expression in SGNs increases from embryonic to early postnatal ages, before becoming undetectable in the mature cochlea.

FIGURE 5

Figure 5. Gpr125 deficiency does not impair spiral ganglion neuron development. Representative sections of Rosenthal’s canal from the middle turn of wild-type, Gpr125^lacZ/+, andGpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochleae. All sections were co-stained for β-Gal (green), Tuj1 (red), and DAPI (blue). (A–I) Between E15.5 and P0, Gpr125-β-Gal expression is detected in a subset of Tuj1-positive SGNs in the Gpr125^lacZ/+ and Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochleae (yellow arrowheads). (J–L) At P4, β-Gal expression is notably more intense in most Tuj1-positive SGNs. (M–O) At P30, Gpr125-β-Gal was undetectable in Tuj1-positive SGNs, but was noted in a few surrounding Tuj1-negative cells. Gpr125-β-Gal-positive signal was not observed in wild-type SGNs across ages. (P) Quantification of Tuj1-positive neurons showing no significant difference in counts among wild-type, Gpr125^lacZ/+, and Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochleae in all ages examined (p > 0.05, one-way ANOVA). Data are presented as mean ± SD.

To investigate whether Gpr125 is required for SGN development and survival, we quantified the Tuj1-positive cells in middle turns of wild-type, Gpr125^lacZ/+, and Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochleae. No significant differences were observed in the density of Tuj1-positive SGNs among all three groups (Figure 5P). Our results indicate that Gpr125 is not required for SGN development or survival in the embryonic, neonatal, or adult cochlea.

Normal Cochlear Development in the Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ Mice

Gpr125 has been shown to modulate Wnt/PCP signaling and to be required for gastrulation in zebrafish (Li et al., 2013). Shortened cochlea as a result of defective convergent extension is a hallmark of PCP defects (Driver et al., 2017; Najarro et al., 2020). To test whether convergent extension was perturbed by Gpr125 deficiency, we examined the otic capsule from P0 wild-type, Gpr125^lacZ/+, and Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ mice and found them to be morphologically indistinguishable (Figures 6A–C). Moreover, length of the Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochleae was comparable to those of wild-type and Gpr125^lacZ/+ littermates (Figures 6D–F, Supplementary Figure 2A), suggesting no obvious convergent extension defects. By immunostaining hair cells, bundles, and supporting cells, we found no hair cell or supporting cell loss or disorganization in the Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochlea at any ages examined (Figures 6G–P, Supplementary Figures 2B–N). Phalloidin staining showed that stereociliary bundles are grossly intact in all ages of Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ mice (Figures 6G–P and Supplementary Figures 2B–K). We also examined the stria vascularis, the lateral cochlear wall, and LER, where Gpr125 is robustly expressed, and found no cell loss or morphologic anomalies between E15.5 and P30 (Figures 6Q–Z). Collectively, these results suggest that Gpr125 is dispensable for cochlear development including specification and polarization of hair cells.

FIGURE 6

Figure 6. Gpr125 is dispensable for cochlear development. (A–C) Otic capsule from P0 wild-type, Gpr125^lacZ/+, and Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ mice. (D–F) Whole mount preparation of cochleae from the wild-type, Gpr125^lacZ/+, and Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ mice showing no differences in length. (G–P) Whole mount preparation of E15.5, E18.5, P0, P4, and P30 cochleae immunostained for Myosin7a (red), F-actin (green), and Sox2 (blue), demonstrating no detectable loss of hair cells, hair bundles, or supporting cells in the Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochleae. Images were taken from the middle turn. (Q–Z) Representative sections through the middle turn of E15.5, E18.5, P0, P4, and P30 cochleae from wild-type and Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ mice. Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ mutants demonstrate relatively normal cochlear morphology, including in the stria vascularis and LER that strongly express Gpr125-β-Gal.

Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ Mice Show No Hearing Loss

To explore whether Gpr125 is required for auditory function, ABR thresholds were examined from P30 and P120 Gpr125^lacZ/+, Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ, and wild-type littermate control mice (Figures 7A–G). ABR thresholds (4–45.3 kHz) showed no significant differences among three genotypes tested at P30 or P120 (p > 0.05, one-way ANOVA) (Figures 7D,F). We also measured the DPOAE responses of P30 and P120 Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ mice and found no differences in thresholds compared with wild-type and Gpr125^lacZ/+ mice (Figures 7E,G). Together these results indicate Gpr125 is not required for auditory function in mice.

FIGURE 7

Figure 7. Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ mice exhibit normal auditory physiology. (A–C) Representative ABR waveforms of P120 wild-type, Gpr125^lacZ/+, and Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ mice. (D–G) Comparable ABR and DPOAE thresholds of P30 and P120 wild-type, Gpr125^lacZ/+, and Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ littermates. No significant differences were observed among wild-type, Gpr125^lacZ/+, and Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ mice (p > 0.05, one-way ANOVA). Data are presented as mean ± SD.

Discussion

In this study, we systematically characterized the expression pattern and the role of Gpr125 during the cochlea development and maturation by employing the Gpr125^lacZ/+ knock-in mouse line. We found Gpr125 to be dynamically expressed in multiple cell types in the embryonic and postnatal cochlea, spanning the lateral cochlear wall, LER, organ of Corti, interdental cells, and modiolus (Figure 8). Gpr125 consistently marks the LER and its derivatives, Claudius and Hensen’s cells, throughout the developmental stages examined. Lastly, Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ mice display normal cochlear development and auditory function, suggesting that Gpr125 is dispensable for cochlear development and maintenance.

FIGURE 8

Figure 8. Schematic depiction of Gpr125 expression in the developing and mature cochlea. At E15.5, Gpr125 is expressed in the LER, LW, and SGNs. At E18.5, Gpr125 is expressed broadly and strongly in the LER and lateral cochlear wall. It is expressed at lower levels in the OHCs and SGNs. At P0 and P4, Gpr125 is expressed in the LER, SV, and SGNs. The IDCs do not express Gpr125 at P0 and display robust expression later at P4 and P30. At P30, Gpr125 is expressed in the Claudius cells, Hensen’s cells, and outer sulcus, but is no longer expressed in the SV and SGNs. SGN, spiral ganglion neurons; GER, greater epithelial ridge; LER, lesser epithelial ridge; SV, stria vascularis; OHC, outer hair cells; IHC, inner hair cells; HC, Hensen’s cell, IDC, interdental cell; IPC, inner phalangeal cells; PC, pillar cells; DC, Deiters’ cells; CC, Claudius’s cells; OS, outer sulcus cells; BC, border cells.

Markers of the Lesser Epithelial Ridge and Derivatives

The embryonic and postnatal cochlea is radially patterned in a manner perpendicular to the tonotopic gradient arranged longitudinally along the cochlea. By E11.0, the cochlear duct has already developed into five distinct structures: the prospective LER, the Reissner’s membrane, the greater epithelial ridge (also known as Kölliker’s organ), the stria vascularis, and the prosensory domain (Driver and Kelley, 2020). BMP4 marks the LER between E16 and P1 (Morsli et al., 1998), whereas CD44 marks the lateral LER in embryonic and neonatal cochlea (Hertzano et al., 2010). Unlike CD44, Gpr125 expression spans the lateral and medial LER and its derivatives in the embryonic, neonatal, and adult cochlea, consistent with recently published single-cell RNA-sequencing data (Kolla et al., 2020). The differential expression of CD44 and Gpr125 suggests that there are at least two distinct groups of LER cells, which likely give rise to Hensen’s cells and Claudius cells in adult cochlea. Therefore, like the organ of Corti and GER, the LER is also radially patterned as the cochlea matures (Jansson et al., 2019; Munnamalai and Fekete, 2020).

While Hensen’s cells and Claudius cells can be distinguished using molecular markers and spatially, whether they serve distinct functions in the cochlea is not known. A recent study characterized the requirement of the Notch ligand Jagged1 for the formation of Hensen’s cells in the embryonic cochlea (Chrysostomou et al., 2020). Interestingly, LER cells formed Claudius cells instead of Hensen’s cells in the absence of Jagged1. The use of Gpr125 as a marker can further facilitate studies of radial patterning of the LER and the functions of distinct cell populations therein. It is important, however, to note that the β-Gal signal in the P0 Gpr125-LacZ cochleae is noticeably less broad and intense than the Gpr125 mRNA signal in wild-type animals.

Gpr125 Is Dispensable for Cochlear Development and Function

Gpr125 has been shown to be required for gastrulation during development of zebrafish (Li et al., 2013). Given its role as a modulator of the Wnt/PCP signaling, we hypothesized that Gpr125 deficiency would perturb the development of the mouse cochlea. To our surprise, Gpr125 is dispensable for the cell survival, specification, and organization in all cochlear regions where it is expressed. More specifically, cochlear length is unaffected and organization of hair cells and supporting cells appear normal, suggesting no PCP defects.

In the P30 cochlea when the auditory system is functionally mature, we found that Gpr125 deletion does not lead to changes in thresholds of ABR and DPOAE. The endocochlear potential established by the stria vascularis, which was shown to express Gpr125-β-Gal at several developmental stages, is required for hair cell function. Since we did not detect any ABR/DPOAE changes in Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ mice, we presume that endocochlear potential is not affected, but more studies are needed to confirm this interpretation. Our results also suggest that Gpr125 is not required for the maintenance and function of multiple other cochlear cell types. The lack of phenotype is possibly because of redundant regulatory elements of the PCP pathway or other adhesion GPR molecules. There are likely redundant PCP signals to direct and maintain hair cell orientation, evinced by recent studies on the interaction of Wnt secretion and PCP proteins (Landin Malt et al., 2020; Najarro et al., 2020).

Knockout mice of another adhesion GPR protein, Celsr1, has been shown to display PCP defects, including that of the cochlear and vestibular organs, and abnormal brain development (Curtin et al., 2003; Boutin et al., 2012; Duncan et al., 2017; Obara et al., 2017). Of note, development of type II SGNs, which make a distinctive 90° turn toward the cochlear base to synapse OHCs during cochlear development, was perturbed in Celsr1-deficent cochlea (Ghimire et al., 2018). In our study, we do not rule out more subtle defects such as type II SGNs neurite patterning in Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ mice.

The second possible explanation for the lack of phenotype is due to compensation of Gpr125 by other adhesion GPR proteins that are not yet appreciated. Recent studies of Gpr56, Gpr124, and Gpr126 implicate adhesion GPRs in diverse development processes, including brain development, blood vessel formation, and myelination in mammals (Mogha et al., 2013; Chang et al., 2017; Sawal et al., 2018). According to published single-cell transcriptomic data, the embryonic and neonatal cochlear duct express several other adhesion GPRs (e.g., Gpr116, Gpr56, Gpr64, and Gpr126) but not others (e.g., Gpr123, Gpr124, Gpr110, Gpr97) (Kolla et al., 2020). Therefore, adhesion GPR members other than Gpr125 may serve redundant functions.

Conclusion

In summary, our study reveals that Gpr125 is dynamically expressed in the embryonic and postnatal cochlea. Gpr125 robustly and consistently labels the LER and its derivatives, whose function remains poorly understood. Since Gpr125 is dispensable for cochlear development and function, the Gpr125^lacZ/+ reporter mice may be useful for cell sorting experiments to further interrogate LER cells, which have been shown to display progenitor cell characteristics (Zhai et al., 2005; Huang et al., 2009). Alternatively, a Gpr125-Cre knock-in mice can be generated for cell-specific manipulation. Thus, the current study may help further our understanding of cochlear development, function, and regeneration.

Materials and Methods

Mice

Gpr125^lacZ/+ mice were generated by Deltagen (access number XM_1320, San Carlos, CA, United States) and were a kind gift from C.J. Kuo (Stanford University, CA, United States). To determine embryonic age, male Gpr125^lacZ/+ mouse was mated with female Gpr125^lacZ/+ mouse. The next morning, the vaginal plug was checked. The female was separated if a plug was present, and that noon was designated as embryonic age 0.5. Both male and female mice were examined. Animal care and all experimental procedures were carried out in accordance with institutional guidelines at Stanford University (protocol # 18606).

Genotyping

Genomic DNA extracted from mouse tails was digested in 1 M NaOH at 98°C for 1 h followed by the addition of 20 μl of 1 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0). KAPA Taq PCR master mix was used to amplify DNA fragments. The primers used were as follows: Gpr125 Forward: 5′-GAwAGGCTGTGGGCAGTTGA CAGCAG-3′; Gpr125 Neo: 5′-GACGAGTTCTTCTGAGGGGA TCGATC-3′; Gpr125 Reverse: 5′-GCCCGTGACCATTTT TTGTCTCCTC-3′.

Immunofluorescence Staining

Immunofluorescence was performed as previously described (Atkinson et al., 2018). Whole mount cochleae were isolated and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 40 min (in PBS, pH 7.4; Electron Microscopy Services) at room temperature. P30 otic capsules were decalcified in 500 mM EDTA for 2 days at 4°C. Cochlea from mice of different ages was dissected into three turns, with the Reissner’s membrane, tectorial membrane, and stria vascularis removed. Then, tissues were washed with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS (PBST) three times for 5 to 10 min each and blocked with 5% donkey serum, 0.1% Triton X-100, 1% BSA, and 0.02% sodium azide (NaN₃) in PBS at pH 7.4 for 1 h at room temperature. Next, tissues were incubated with primary antibodies in the same blocking solution overnight at 4°C. The following day, tissues were washed with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS and incubated with secondary antibodies diluted in PBS containing 0.1% Triton X-100, 1% BSA, and 0.02% NaN₃ for 2 h at room temperature. After washing with PBS three times for 10 min, tissues were mounted in Antifade Fluorescence Mounting Medium (Dako, Agilent) and coverslipped.

For sections, cochleae were harvested on ice and fixed in 4% PFA overnight. Then, tissues were sequentially submerged in 10, 20, and 30% sucrose prior to being embedded in 100% OCT and frozen on dry ice. Serial sections were cut at 10 μm with a cryostat. Frozen slides were warmed for 30 min at room temperature and washed in PBS before incubating in PBST for 15 min to permeabilize the tissue. Sections were then treated the same as whole mount tissues.

The following primary antibodies were used: anti-Myosin7a (Rabbit, 1:1000, Proteus Bioscience, 25-6790), anti-Sox2 (Goat, 1:400, R&D, AF2018), anti-CD44 (Rat, 1:200, BD Pharmingen, 550538), anti-β-galactose (Chicken, 1:500, Abcam, ab9361), and anti-Tuj1 (Mouse, 1:500, Neuromics, 801201). Fluorescence-conjugated phalloidin (1:1,000, Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher Scientific, A22283), DAPI (1:10,000, Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher Scientific, D1306), Alexa Fluor donkey anti-goat 647 (1:200, Thermo Fisher Scientific, A21447), Fluor donkey anti-mouse 546 (1:200, Thermo Fisher Scientific, A10036), Alexa Fluor donkey anti-rabbit 546 (1:500, Thermo Fisher Scientific, A10040), Alexa Fluor donkey anti-rabbit 647 (1:200, Thermo Fisher Scientific, A31573), Alexa Fluor donkey anti-chicken 488 (1:500, Thermo Fisher Scientific, A10040), and Alexa Fluor donkey anti-rat 647 secondary antibodies (1:200; Thermo Fisher Scientific) were also used.

In situ Hybridization

In situ hybridization was performed as previously described (Jansson et al., 2019). Briefly, tissues were fixed and processed as for immunohistochemistry. The red chromogenic RNAscope kit (Red V2.5 HD, ACDBio, Newark, CA, 322350) was used following the manufacturer’s instructions. Probes used were as follows: Mm-Adgra3-O1 (ACDBio, 827281), which was designed to detect exons 15–19 of Gpr125 (also known as Adgra3), Dapb as negative control (ACDBio, 310043), and Polr2a as positive control (ACDBio, 312471).

Auditory Measurements

Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) responses were performed in a sound-isolated and electrically shielded chamber (Atkinson et al., 2018). Mice at P30 ± 2 and P120 ± 2 were anesthetized with a mixture of xylazine (10 mg/kg) and ketamine (100 mg/kg). Body temperature was maintained near 37°C with a heating pad. ABR signals were measured from a needle electrode inserted inferior to the left ear, referenced to an electrode inserted at the vertex of the skull, and a ground electrode was inserted at the hind leg. Tone burst stimuli were delivered at frequencies 4, 5.7, 8, 11.3, 16, 22.6, 32, and 45.3 kHz and sound intensities were raised from 10 to 80 dB sound pressure level (SPL) in 10-dB steps. Up to 512 trials were averaged at each sound level and frequency.

DPOAEs were measured by a probe tip microphone in the external auditory canal. The sound stimuli were two 1-s sine wave tones of differing frequencies (F2 = 1.22 × F1). F2 was varied from 4 to 45.3 kHz, and the intensities of two tones were from 20 to 80 dB SPL with 10-dB steps. The amplitude of the cubic distortion product was measured at 2 × F1-F2. The threshold at each frequency was calculated when the DPOAE was > 5 dB SPL and 2 SDs above the noise level. For statistical analyses of both ABR and DPOAE responses, a lack of response is designated 80 dB SPL.

Image Analyses, Quantification, and Statistics

Cell quantification and measurements were performed using Fiji ImageJ (NIH). Whole mount preparation or sections of one cochlea from each animal were used for cell counting. The samples were scanned in z-stack mode at 1-μm intervals using confocal microscopy (Zeiss LSM700 confocal microscope, Oberkochen, Germany).

For quantification, Tuj1⁺ SGNs were measured in one to three representative 50 μm² grids for each cochlea. For comparisons of immunofluorescence intensity from Gpr125 mRNA in situ hybridization, images were acquired using identical settings for all experimental groups. Immunofluorescence intensity was measured in regions of interest using Fiji ImageJ (NIH). All cell numbers and measurements were presented as mean ± SD. Cell counts, ABR, and DPOAE were compared by a one-way ANOVA (SPSS 20, IBM Armonk, NY). p < 0.05 is considered statistically significant.

Data Availability Statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Ethics Statement

The animal study was reviewed and approved by the Stanford University.

Author Contributions

HS and AC conceived and designed the experiments. HS, PA, SB, and WD performed the experiments. HS, TW, SB, and AC analyzed the data. HS, TW, and AC wrote the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (#81600801), the China Scholarship Council (#201806165028 to HS), and NIH/NIDCD (RO1DC01910, RO1DC014720, and RO1DC016919 to AC).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Acknowledgments

We are deeply grateful to our laboratory for insightful comments and fruitful discussion on the manuscript. We thank E. Huarcaya Najarro and K. Yuki for excellent technical support, and C. Kuo for sharing Gpr125^lacZ/+ mice. The imaging core was supported by the Stanford Initiative to Cure Hearing Loss through generous gifts from the Bill and Susan Oberndorf Foundation.

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2021.690955/full#supplementary-material

Supplementary Figure 1 | Expression of Gpr125-β-Gal in spiral ganglion neurons in E15.5 Gpr125^lacZ/+ mice. (A,A’) Representative low magnification images of cochlear sections of E15.5 Gpr125^lacZ/+ mice immunostained for Gpr125-β-Gal (green) and Tuj1 (red). Gpr125-β-Gal was detected in Tuj1⁺ spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) (dashed line), albeit at lower level than the cochlear duct. (B–D) High-magnification images of SGNs from each turn shown in panel (A). There were few β-Gal⁺, Tuj1⁺ cells in the apical turn and many β-Gal⁺, Tuj1⁺ cells (arrowheads) in the middle and basal turns, respectively.

Supplementary Figure 2 | Gpr125 is dispensable for cochlear development. (A) No significant differences were seen among the lengths of wild-type, Gpr125^+/lacZ and Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochleae. (B–J”) Whole mount preparation of wild-type and Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ at E15.5, E18.5, P0, P4 and P30. Immunostaining for Myosin7a, F-actin and Sox2, demonstrated no loss of hair cells, hair bundles, or supporting cells in the Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochleae. Images were taken from the middle turn. (L–N) Hair cells and supporting cell subtypes were quantified, showing no differences in cell counts among wild-type, Gpr125^+/lacZ and Gpr125^lacZ/lacZ cochleae (p > 0.05, One-way ANOVA). Data are presented as mean ± SD.

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