Abstract
Q fever is a zoonotic infection caused by Coxiella burnetii. In rare cases, it can lead to vascular complications, including infected aneurysms. Successful treatment involves surgery and antibiotics, but there is no established consensus or clear recommendation for the choice of material graft. We report a case of abdominal aortic aneurysm infected by C. burnetii treated by open surgery with complete resection of the aneurysm and homemade bovine pericardial bifurcated graft reconstruction and long-term antibiotherapy using doxycycline. One year postoperatively, the patient had no sign of persistent infection or vascular complication. Moreover, C. burnetii immunoglobulins titers decreased 6 months postoperatively.
Introduction
Coxiella burnetii is a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium responsible for Q fever. This is a zoonotic infection with a wide range of hosts, including ruminants. Aerogenic transmission is the major source of dissemination but rare cases of Q fever transmission through tick bites or by crushing a tick have also been documented (1).
C. burnetii infection can lead to acute or chronic infection. Most acute infections are asymptomatic or limited with a mild influenza-like illness and usually result in spontaneous recovery (2). Nevertheless, C. burnetii can persist within host macrophages despite apparent treatment success. Chronic Q fever is marked by significantly higher mortality rates, reaching 25% (3), characterized by the emergence of valvular abnormalities, infected aortic aneurysms, or vascular prostheses (4), which, if left untreated, frequently result in fatal outcomes (5). The most common symptoms are non-specific, with abdominal pain, fatigue, and weight loss leading to a diagnostic delay. The serologic presentation is characterized by an increase in both phases of IgM and IgG antibodies (6).
The physiopathological mechanism responsible for C. burnetii-induced vascular damage involves a complex interplay between various factors. This includes chronic inflammation due to intracellular infection persistence, the host's immune responses, activation of endothelial cells lining the blood vessels, and processes related to thrombosis (7). A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms is critical for the development of effective therapeutic strategies for Q fever.
Surgical treatment of Q fever-infected aneurysms is not well defined; in particular, the choice of material graft and the risk of recurrence are high, even after aggressive surgical therapy (8).
In this report, we present a case of chronic Q fever-infected abdominal aneurysm in a 73-year-old man with no prior vascular disease treated with complete resection of the aneurysm and homemade bovine pericardial bifurcated graft reconstruction.
Case report
A 73-year-old man, with a medical history of non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by medical therapy, hemorrhagic rectocolitis diagnosed in 2002 under anti-TNF-α therapy in histological and endoscopic remission and epidermoid cyst infection, consulted for persistent inflammatory abdominal pain. The patient lived in a semi-rural area and did not report any specific contact with livestock.
Diagnosis
Computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed an infra renal abdominal aortic aneurysm with a maximal diameter of 42 mm, with anterior parietal thickening and extension to the left common iliac artery.
An [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18FDG-PET/CT) scan revealed a significant uptake of aneurysm wall with no argument for large- or medium-vessel vasculitis.
The patient was evaluated for zoonotic infections. Immunofluorescence assay revealed significantly elevated C. burnetii immunoglobulin titers consistent with chronic Q fever: IgG phase I of 1:512, IgM of <1:32, and IgG phase II of 1:256. Moreover, there was no clinical or transthoracic echocardiographic argument for endocarditis.
Medical treatment
Given the evidence of chronic Q fever infection, the patient was initially treated using doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine. Serologic control realized 3 weeks after the initiation of therapy showed a stability of phase I and II antibody titers. During the follow-up (FU), the patient described a persistence of inflammatory abdominal pain, and at the 6-month FU, CTA showed a significant progression of the aortic aneurysm (+6 mm) and an intense perianeurysmal contrast uptake indicative of ongoing inflammatory activity (Figure 1). After a multidisciplinary discussion, it was decided the patient would undergo open surgical repair with complete removal of the affected segment and surrounding tissue.
Figure 1
Surgical technique
Under general anesthesia, laparotomy was performed, and the infrarenal aorta and distal common iliac arteries were clamped. The aneurysm was completely removed, and the aortic reconstruction used a self-tailored bovine pericardial bifurcated graft (Figure 2). This surgical technique has been previously described (9). The aneurysm was investigated for anatomopathological and bacteriological analysis. No early reintervention was required. The patient spent 1 day in the intensive care unit and was discharged from hospital after 7 days.
Figure 2
Histological characteristics
Histologic examination of the aorta revealed a thickened and severely damaged aneurysmal wall. We noticed complex atherosclerotic plaques with thickened intima (by the fibrous tissue with lipid and calcific deposits and a fibrinocruoric thrombus partially incorporated into the wall); the underlying media was attenuated, fragmented, or replaced by fibrous tissue. The adventitia was replaced by a dense connective tissue sometimes almost in direct continuity with the thrombus. Furthermore, we observed aortitis characterized by an abundant inflammatory infiltrate, especially in the adventitial layer, which was consistent with the PET scan that revealed significant uptake of the aneurysm. The inflammatory infiltrate consisted of CD3+ CD8+ T lymphocytes, CD138+ plasma cells, CD68+ CD163+ macrophages, and rare giant cells without well-defined granuloma (Figure 3). According to the Consensus Statement on Surgical Pathology of the Aorta, this would correspond to the lymphoplasmacytic pattern. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected C. burnetii on a perioperative aortic sample.
Figure 3
Follow-up
Postoperatively, the patient was maintained on doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine for a minimum duration of 12 months, and this therapy is still on course. The CT scan performed 2 months postoperatively showed good patency of the graft with no early argument for scanographic recurrence of Q fever infection.
However, C. burnetii immunoglobulin titers remained stable without a significant decrease at 4 months postoperatively. Finally, C. burnetii immunoglobulin titers decreased after 6 months postoperatively (IgG phase I of 1:256 vs. 1:512).
Discussion
Chronic Q fever is a rare but life-threatening condition. Infected arterial aneurysms are one of the most frequent complications (14%) with endocarditis (13%) in patients with proven chronic Q fever and are associated with a high risk of mortality (up to 38%) (10). The diagnosis of intracellular bacterial infections remains difficult for several reasons: unspecific and varied symptomatology and non-detection by conventional culture methods, and their identification requires special tests that must be specifically requested by the clinician.
In this case, the patient had no obvious history of C. burnetii exposure but exhibited two factors predisposing to chronic Q fever: a history of immunodepression (anti-TNF-α therapy since 2002) and probably a pre-existing atherosclerotic aortic aneurysm before the C. burnetii infection.
TNF-α plays a crucial role in the host defense against intracellular pathogens. The inhibition of TNF-α can impair the immune response and increase susceptibility to infections, including the reactivation of latent infections or acquisition of new ones (11).
Several case reports and epidemiological studies have documented cases of Q fever in patients receiving anti-TNF-α therapy with atypical or severe forms of Q fever, including chronic Q fever, endocarditis, or disseminated disease (12, 13).
Moreover, perioperative histological analysis revealed significant atherosclerosis lesions with ulcerated plaques testifying the probable anterior presence of an atheromatous aneurysm. Atherosclerosis is known as a facilitating factor of C. burnetii aortitis development. Indeed, thrombi and atherosclerotic plaques are considered to be immunodeficient sites that enable bacteria growth.
The role of surgery appears as a crucial component in the management of aortic infections caused by C. burnetii. Complete excision of the aortic infected aneurysm is required to achieve total resolution of the infection (14), in association with recommended antibiotic therapy (15). Endovascular therapy should be reserved for patients who are unable to undergo open surgery.
The optimal graft substitute for an infected aortic aneurysm remains unclear and, more specifically, for a Q fever-infected aneurysm where the risk of recurrence is high despite aggressive surgical treatment. The European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) guidelines (17) recommend repair with deep femoral veins, cryopreserved allografts, silver grafts, or rifampicin impregnated grafts (16). In our case, we decided to perform the aortic reconstruction using a homemade pericardial bifurcated graft to avoid additional extensive harvesting trauma using deep femoral veins. An appropriately sized cryopreserved cadaveric arterial allograft was not available for this case, and rifampicin-coated polyester grafts, which could have been easily used, remain associated with a high risk of reintervention (18); in addition, rifampicin is not very effective at treating C. Burnetii infection (19). Off-the-shelf pericardial patches can be easily stored for urgent cases. A homemade bifurcated graft preparation takes no more time than harvesting femoral veins or thawing and preparing cryopreserved allograft. No study has yet assessed the benefit of a homemade pericardial aortic graft for Q fever infection specifically, but its use seems to be associated with good clinical results in the mid-term with no clinical reinfections or graft-related complications for the treatment of native and aortic graft or endograft for all types of infection (20).
Conclusion
Infected aortic aneurysm is a rare but life-threatening complication in patients with proven Q fever infection. Aggressive surgery with complete resection of the aneurysm associated with antibiotics is mandatory to achieve complete healing. A homemade bifurcated graft reconstruction using off-the-shelf bovine pericardial patch appears to be a feasible and safe alternative to autologous vein reconstruction and cryopreserved allografts.
Statements
Data availability statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Ethics statement
Ethical approval was not required for the studies involving humans because this was a retrospective case report. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author contributions
AM: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Data curation. JB: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Data curation. CT: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Data curation. TL: Writing – review & editing, Data curation. BM: Writing – review & editing. AB: Writing – review & editing, Data curation. JM: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Supervision, Data curation.
Funding
The authors declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Summary
Keywords
Q fever, Coxiella burnetii, abdominal aortic aneurysm, inflammatory aortic disease, vascular surgery
Citation
Mouche A, Baron J, Toquet C, Le Corvec T, Maurel B, Benichou A and Mougin J (2024) Homemade pericardial bifurcated graft for Q fever-infected abdominal aortic aneurysm open repair: a case report. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 11:1418949. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1418949
Received
17 April 2024
Accepted
08 May 2024
Published
28 May 2024
Volume
11 - 2024
Edited by
Xuerui Tan, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, China
Reviewed by
Valeria Silvestri, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Tanzania
Eric Steinmetz, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire De Dijon, France
Updates
Copyright
© 2024 Mouche, Baron, Toquet, Le Corvec, Maurel, Benichou and Mougin.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: J. Mougin justine.mougin@chu-nantes.fr
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.