Live Birth Rate of Frozen-Thawed Single Blastocyst Transfer After 6 or 7 Days of Progesterone Administration in Hormone Replacement Therapy Cycles: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study

Background: Progesterone administration before transfer in hormone replacement treatment (HRT) is crucial to pregnancy outcomes in frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer (FET), but the optimal progesterone duration is inconsistent. The objective of this study was to investigate live birth rate (LBR) of different progesterone duration before blastocyst transfer in HRT–FET cycles.

Method: In this retrospective cohort study, patients underwent first HRT–FET (including suppression HRT) from January 2016 to December 2019 were included. Logit-transformed propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to assess covariates. The primary outcome was live birth rate after 28 weeks’ gestation. Basing on different duration of progesterone before transfer, patients were classified into P6-protocol (blastocyst transfer performed on the sixth day), or P7-protocol (blastocyst transfer performed on the seventh day). Subgroup analyses were conducted as follows: age stratification (–35, 35–38, 38–), development days of blastocyst (D5 or D6), blastocyst quality (high-quality or poor-quality), and endometrial preparation protocols (HRT or suppression HRT).

Result: After case matching with propensity score methods, a total of 1,400 patients were included finally: 700 with P6-protocol and 700 with P7-protocol. Significantly higher live birth rate (38.43% versus 31.57%, respectively, P = 0.01) and clinical pregnant rate (50.43% versus 44.14%, respectively, P = 0.02) were observed in P6-protocol than those of P7-protocol. First-trimester abortion rates (18.13% versus 20.71%, P = 0.40) and ectopic pregnancy rates (2.27% versus 1.94%, P = 0.77) were similar between P6- and P7-groups. Preterm birth rate, low birth weight rate, newborn sex proportion, neonatal malformation rate were comparable between groups. Significantly higher LBRs were observed in patients with: age under 35, D5 blastocyst transfer, high-quality blastocyst transfer, and undergoing HRT cycles combined P6-protocol.

Conclusion: Frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer on the sixth day of progesterone administration in first HRT cycle is related to higher live birth rate compared with transfer on the seventh day, especially among patients aged under 35, D5 blastocyst and/or high-quality blastocyst transfer.

Introduction

Elective single embryo transfer policy to reduce multiple pregnancies without lowering cumulative live birth rate has become popular in assisted reproductive technology at home and abroad (1, 2). To reduce the iatrogenic risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, to perform the pre-implantation genetic testing, or to avoid embryo-endometrial asynchrony in fresh cycle, the use of ‘freeze-all’ strategy with subsequent frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer (FET) is a promising option with gratifying live birth rate and reliable safety (3–6). However, there is no consensus on the optimal endometrial preparation protocol for FET.

Various endometrial preparation protocols exist in FET cycles: true natural cycle with spontaneously ovulation, modified NC cycle with human chorionic gonadotrophin to trigger ovulation, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) cycle without traditional ovulation (7). At present, the evidence cannot determine which scheme is best, but potentially decreased maternal and neonatal morbidity have been reported in natural cycle recently (8, 9). However, HRT cycle has been chosen widely because non-restricted by ovulation and more convenient.

Due to the absence of corpus luteum in HRT, progesterone duration before transfer is crucial to pregnancy outcomes in FET cycles (7, 10). In a natural cycle, progesterone starts to rise 2–3 days before ovulation, due to the LH-stimulated production by the peripheral granulosa cells. Endometrial receptivity could also be achieved after very short progesterone exposure, but such an approach showed a higher risk of pregnancy loss because the endometrium was insufficiently decidualized (11). Basing on available evidence, the optimal progesterone duration before transfer in HRT is assumed to be equal to the theoretical day of ovulation or 1 day later (7). In HRT cycle, blastocyst was proposed to be transferred at least on day (embryonic age + 1) of progesterone administration, annotated as “progesterone + embryonic age” (7). However, blastocysts were transferred from 5 to 7 days of progesterone administration in different HRT protocols nowadays (12, 13). Data on the optimal duration of progesterone administration before blastocyst transfer are inconsistent.

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate live birth rates between FET performed on the sixth or seventh day after progesterone administration in first single blastocyst transfer cycle during HRT treatment. The secondary objective was to investigate the effects of blastocyst development days and blastocyst quality on pregnancy outcomes.

Materials and Methods

Patients

This study has been approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. Data in this study were from the Clinical Reproductive Medicine Management System/Electronic Medical Record Cohort Database (CCRM/EMRCD) in Reproductive Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. Inclusion criteria were: [1] first single frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer cycles from January 2016 to December 2019; and [2] hormone replacement therapy (HRT), including suppression HRT. Exclusion criteria were: [1] preimplantation genetic testing cycles; [2] oocyte donation cycles; [3] uterine factors (malformation, adhesions, stages III to IV of endometriosis, ≥4 cm hysteromyoma or submucous myoma, adenomyosis); [4] systemic diseases; and [5] endometrial thickness on transfer day <7 mm. Patients’ basic parameters included maternal age, body mass index (BMI), type of infertility, endometrial thickness on the transfer day, days of embryo development, blastocyst quality.

Endometrial Preparation and Luteal Phase Support Protocols

Endometrial preparation protocols consisted of HRT and suppression HRT. HRT cycle was applicable as described (14). HRT was applicable for patients with an irregular menstrual cycle, ovulation disorder, or poor endometrial and follicular development in NC. Starting from days 2–3 of menstruation, 2–4 mg/day of estradiol valerate (Progynova, Bayer, Germany) was administered.

Suppression HRT was applicable for patients with stages I to II of endometriosis, <4 cm hysteromyoma, endometrial growth restriction in canceled HRT cycles. On the second day of menstruation, 3.75 mg of long-acting GnRHa was used, and 2–4 mg/day of estradiol valerate (Progynova, Bayer, Germany) was administered from 28 days after GnRHa down-regulation.

Similarly, clinicians decided to maintain the original dosage or up-regulate dosage according to the thickness of endometrium. When the endometrial thickness was at least 7 mm after at least 12–14 days medication, 60 mg progesterone was additionally administered to decidualize the endometrium. According to the standard operating procedure in our center, the first doses of progesterone were given before 9 a.m. and the ET was performed about 10 a.m. on the transfer day.

Blastocyst transfer was performed on the seventh day (P7-protocol), or on sixth day (P6-protocol) after progesterone administration. Approximately 60 mg intramuscular progesterone or 900 mg progesterone sustained-release vaginal gel, in company with 20 mg oral progesterone daily, were provided from the transfer day as luteal support.

Laboratory Protocols

Blastocysts were mainly evaluated based on three morphologic parameters: the blastocoele expansion degree, the ICM grade and the TE grade according to the Gardner and Schoolcraft’s grading system. The protocol of vitrification and warming followed the instructions established by Kuwayama et al. The specific methods were as described as published from our center (14). Vitrification was used for surplus blastocysts or cycles unsuitable for embryo transfer. Before vitrification, a 2.0-ms laser (Octax Laser Shot™ System, Germany) was used to generate a hole in the TE cell junction away from the ICM location to induce blastocoel shrinkage.

For thawing, the re-expanded blastocysts were considered suitable for transfer. Besides, laser-assisted hatching was conducted to acquire a thin zona pellucida except for hatched blastocysts.

Definition of Outcome Measures

The primary outcome was live birth rate (LBR) after 28 weeks’ gestation. Secondary outcome was clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) defined as observation of a gestational sac inside/outside the uterine cavity via ultrasound. Other indicators included as follows: biochemical pregnancy rate (serum hCG testing over 50 miu/ml on 14th day after transfer), ectopic pregnancy rate (observation of a gestational sac outside uterine cavity via ultrasound), first trimester miscarriage (spontaneous pregnancy loss less than 12 weeks of gestation after clinical pregnant).

Statistical Analysis

Because of non-randomized study design, we performed a matched propensity score (PSM) analysis to assess covariates (15). The PSM was estimated by multivariable logistic regression. The LBRs were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression to account for the potential confounding effect of variables known to affect live birth as previously published (13, 14). Potential con- founders were maternal age at first FET, indication for treatment, duration of infertility, BMI, endometrial preparation protocol, endometrial thickness, blastocyst development days, blastocyst quality, and progesterone administration protocol. Since none of these patients included reported a history of smoking, the association between smoking and LBR was not evaluated in the current study. Besides, progesterone duration before transfer was the independent variable in the regression model. The other parameters used in the study were also chosen as independent variables for PSM in the present study.

The logit-transformed PS matching was performed using a 1:1 ratio protocol without replacement (greedy-matching algorithm) with a caliper width of 0.1 standard deviation. Balance of covariates was judged by standardized differences. Here the balance is considered to be satisfactory when the standardized difference is less than 10% (16).

All data were included into SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) 26.0 for analysis. Continuous variables are presented as the mean ± SD, an categorical variables are presented as frequencies (percentages). Comparisons among different groups were performed with independent t-test, chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test. All tests were two-sided, and statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05.

Results

Demographics of Study Subjects

A total of 2,498 first single frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer cycles underwent HRT–FET were available during the study period. Of these, 105 cycles were excluded as shown in Figure 1. A total of 2,393 HRT cycles were collected from January 2016 to December 2019, including 702 cycles with P7-protocol and 1,691 cycles with P6-protocol. After logit-transformed PSM, 700 pairs were included into this study finally, with no loss of follow-up (Figure 1). Significantly higher live birth rate (38.43% versus 31.57%, P = 0.01) was reported in P6-protocol than that in P7-protocol respectively.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1 Study flow chart.

Demographic characteristics before and after PSM were presented in Table 1.

TABLE 1

Table 1 Patient characteristics before and after propensity score matching.

Of the cohort of 2,393 patients, PS matching was possible in 700 pairs (Table 1). PS matching reduced the standardized differences in baseline covariates between P7- and P6- groups substantially. In the PS-matched groups, all standardized differences were <10%. The mean distance in the estimated PS was 0.03 and resulted in well-matched patients with similar baseline characteristics.

Overall Results

Maternal pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in the overall population are listed in Table 2. P6-protocol was supposed to be related to better outcomes.

TABLE 2

Table 2 Pregnant outcomes in overall PS-matched population.

Notably, live birth rate was significantly higher in the P6-group than in the P7-group, with a difference of 6.86% (38.43% versus 31.57%, P = 0.01). Likewise, clinical pregnant rate (50.43% versus 44.14%, P = 0.02) and biochemical pregnancy rate (57.14% versus 50.00%, P = 0.01) were significantly higher in the P6-group respectively. However, the rates of first-trimester abortion (18.13% versus 20.71%, respectively, P = 0.40) and ectopic pregnancy (2.27% versus 1.94%, respectively, P = 0.77) were comparable between the two groups.

Regarding the offspring’s outcome, the average gestational age and birth weight was comparable between the two groups. For newborns, neonatal sex distribution, preterm birth rate and low-birth-weight/very-low-birth-weight rate were similar in two groups. It is a pity that two congenital heart disease and two congenital talipes valgus occurred in P7-protocol and P6-protocol respectively.

Subgroup Analysis

Main clinical outcomes including LBR, CPR and first-trimester abortion rate were analyzed between subgroups in Table 3. Significantly higher LBRs were observed in patients with age under 35, D5 blastocyst and/or high-quality blastocyst transfer, undergoing HRT combined P6-protocol. Interestingly, the first-trimester abortion rate was comparable in each subgroup.

TABLE 3

Table 3 Clinical outcomes of subgroups in PS-matched population.

When subgroup analysis was performed by age stratification, significantly higher LBR (44.02% versus 32.77%, P <0.01) and CPR (55.98% versus 45.69%, P <0.01) were reported in P6-group among patients below 35 years old. As for patients aged 35–38 and over 38, LBR and CPR were comparable in subgroups.

Subgroup analysis by blastocyst development days had shown that, when D5 blastocyst transferred, significantly higher LBR among patients with P6-protocol (43.33% versus 35.43%, P = 0.01), but similar CPR (53.77% versus 48.38%, P = 0.08) were found respectively. Interestingly, when D6 blastocyst transferred, comparable LBR (24.59% versus 20.00%, P = 0.30) and CPR (40.98% versus 31.43%, P = 0.06) were reported between groups.

When subgroup analysis was performed by blastocyst quality, significantly higher LBR (48.52% versus 37.78% P <0.01) and CPR (59.84% versus 50.88%, P = 0.01), as well as comparable abortion rate (14.41% versus 19.31%, P = 0.18) were reported in P6-group with high-quality blastocysts transfer. However, when poor-quality blastocysts transferred, similar LBR (27.05% versus 23.43% P = 0.30) and CPR (39.82% versus 35.31%, P = 0.24), as well as comparable abortion rate (24.43% versus 23.36%, P = 0.85) were found between groups.

In addition, subgroup analysis based on endometrial preparation protocol revealed significantly higher LBR (40.46% versus 31.86%, P <0.01) and higher CPR (51.91% versus 43.27%, P <0.01) in patients undergoing HRT with P6-protocol. Once suppression HRT used, comparable LBR (25.77% versus 30.09%, P = 0.49) and similar CPR (41.24% versus 48.67%, P = 0.28) were recorded in this study.

Discussion

It is known that improper duration of progesterone before transfer will cause synchronize between the endometrium and embryo, meanwhile, delayed implantation will bring early pregnancy loss (17). Several studies have been conducted to explore the question that “What is the optimal duration of progesterone administration before transferring a vitrified-warmed blastocyst”, but no consensus has been reached (12, 13). In view of the trend of single blastocyst transfer, this study focused on optimal duration of progesterone administration before transferring vitrified-warmed blastocyst in HRT cycles.

Firstly, the results of this retrospective cohort study demonstrated that single blastocyst FET with P6-protocol was related to better clinical outcomes comparing with P7-protocol. To our knowledge, this is a study with the largest sample size at present comparing these two progesterone administration protocols with additional detailed subgroup analysis. Notably, this is the largest Chinese study of its kind and has great value considering the trend of single blastocyst transfer recently. This detailed real-world study can provide useful information to help reproductive physicians make clinical strategy. Furthermore, this PS-well-matched study is more conducive to reliable conclusions.

In theory, reproductive physician should transfer a day 5 blastocyst at 5 days after suspected ovulation. However, the optimal day of blastocyst transfer in natural cycle FET has been still debated because of different criteria of ovulation day. It is known that the LH surge precedes ovulation and luteinization, and always begins between midnight and 08:00 in over two-thirds of women, about 34–36 h prior to follicle rupture (18, 19). Serum or urinary LH surge testing and ultrasound monitoring have been reported to dictate transfer timing in natural cycle (20–22). When considering the obstetric complications and potential neonatal outcomes, back to nature cycle means a lot for FET (8, 9, 23).

Just as important, HRT is applicable for patients with an irregular menstrual cycle, ovulation disorder, or poor endometrial and follicular development in NC in our center (14). Because of anovulation and absence of corpus luteum, the progesterone duration before transfer in HRT is crucial to pregnancy outcomes in FET cycles (7, 10). The optimal progesterone duration prior to embryo transfer has remained an elusive topic since the start of FET. Like natural cycle, the timing of blastocyst transfer in HRT is also controversial. Basing on available evidence, the optimal progesterone duration before transfer in HRT is assumed to be equal to the theoretical day of ovulation or 1 day later (7). In HRT cycle, blastocyst was proposed to be transferred on day (embryonic age + 1) of progesterone administration, annotated as P+ embryonic age (7). In our study, we followed the “embryonic age + 1” protocol in P6-protocol and found better clinical outcomes comparing to P7-protocol. Furthermore, P6-protocol is preferred to P7-protocol among most subgroup analysis.

Inconsistent with this study, an increased difference of 16% in clinical pregnancy rate was seen when FET was on the fifth than on the seventh day of progesterone administration in HRT cycle, but the difference was not statistically significant (12). Meanwhile, the retrospective cohort study from the same team found that FET on the sixth day of progesterone administration resulted in similar LBRs to those of embryo transfer on the seventh day of progesterone administration (13). The different conclusions of these studies may be related to the following factors. First, different protocols of endometrial preparation and luteal phase support were used in the retrospective cohort study, those could impact on results. Second, different sets of criteria of planning endometrium thickness also help explain part of the inconsistency. Besides, for retrospective analysis, if case matching is carried out, the conclusion may be different.

Another main finding from the current study was that significantly higher LBR and Clinical pregnant rate have been stated with D5 blastocyst than that with D6 blastocyst (Supplemental Table S1). First-trimester abortion rate was similar in subgroups. Previous studies have shown that implantation, clinical pregnant rate and LBR were significantly higher following D5 transfer compared to D6 transfer (14, 24–26). Interestingly, data from our center (from January 2014 to June 2015) stated that high-quality D6 blastocysts in frozen-thawed cycles had similar developmental potential and pregnancy outcomes compared to high-quality D5 blastocysts (14). We hypothesis the following causes lead to differences between these two studies:1) previous study included double blastocyst transfer cycles and that may affect the trend of pregnancy outcomes; and 2) part of the blastocysts in previous study come from the slow-freeze method of cryopreservation and that may affect final results.

In addition, consistent with previous studies, for couples who obtain both D5 and D6 blastocysts after embryo culture, it appears reasonable to transfer high-quality D5 firstly in order to limit time to pregnancy (26). Basing on our data, we suggest the order of priority for frozen-thawed blastocysts transfer cycle was as follows: 1) In HRT cycle, P6-protocol is preferred to P7-protocol; and 2) preferential selection of blastocyst: D5 is preferred to D6, as well as high-quality is preferred poor-quality.

Several limitations exist in the current study. First, this study was of retrospective design; thus, potential bias factors cannot be fully identified and addressed. In order to reduce the influence of confounding factors, we performed a matched propensity score (PSM) analysis to assess covariates. Furthermore, we conducted subgroup analysis as much as possible in Table 3, including age stratification analysis (–35, 35–38, 38–), blastocyst days (D5, D6), blastocyst quality (high-quality, low-quality) and endometrial preparation protocols (HRT, suppression HRT). Second, no standardized luteal support scheme was conducted between the two groups, which may have a potential impact on pregnancy outcomes. Third, parts of cases were excluded after PSM, which may lead to bias of this real world study.

In conclusion, this retrospective analysis demonstrated that frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer on the sixth day of progesterone administration is related to higher live birth rate compared with transfer on the seventh day in HRT cycles, especially in patients with age under 35, D5 blastocyst and/or high-quality blastocyst transfer. In the face of embryo selection before transfer, preferential selection of D5 and high-quality blastocyst will shorten time to pregnancy.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Ethics Statement

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Institutional Review Board (IRB) of First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

Author Contributions

XY and ZB contributed to the conception, design, acquisition and interpretation of data, and drafting of the manuscript. LH supervised the study. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all the patients included into this study.

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2021.706427/full#supplementary-material

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