%A Zayats,Romaniya %A Uzonna,Jude E. %A Murooka,Thomas T. %D 2021 %J Frontiers in Immunology %C %F %G English %K two-photon intravital microscopy,Leishmania infection,T cells,Ear skin imaging,Liver imaging,Fluorescent reporters,Macrophages %Q %R 10.3389/fimmu.2021.671582 %W %L %M %P %7 %8 2021-May-19 %9 Review %+ Thomas T. Murooka,Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba,Canada,thomas.murooka@umanitoba.ca %+ Thomas T. Murooka,Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba,Canada,thomas.murooka@umanitoba.ca %# %! Anti-Leishmania immunity in vivo %* %< %T Visualizing the In Vivo Dynamics of Anti-Leishmania Immunity: Discoveries and Challenges %U https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.671582 %V 12 %0 JOURNAL ARTICLE %@ 1664-3224 %X Intravital microscopy, such as 2-photon microscopy, is now a mainstay in immunological research to visually characterize immune cell dynamics during homeostasis and pathogen infections. This approach has been especially beneficial in describing the complex process of host immune responses to parasitic infections in vivo, such as Leishmania. Human-parasite co-evolution has endowed parasites with multiple strategies to subvert host immunity in order to establish chronic infections and ensure human-to-human transmission. While much focus has been placed on viral and bacterial infections, intravital microscopy studies during parasitic infections have been comparatively sparse. In this review, we will discuss how in vivo microscopy has provided important insights into the generation of innate and adaptive immunity in various organs during parasitic infections, with a primary focus on Leishmania. We highlight how microscopy-based approaches may be key to providing mechanistic insights into Leishmania persistence in vivo and to devise strategies for better parasite control.