Malicorne Buysse1*†
Jana Neirinck1†
Ciel De Vriendt2
Filomeen Haerynck3
Martín Pérez-Andrés4,5
Alberto Orfao4,5
Mattias Hofmans1‡
Carolien Bonroy1,6‡- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- 2Department of Haematology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- 3Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiency (PID) Research Laboratory, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- 4Cancer Research Centre (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC), Cancer Research Institute of Salamanca (USAL-CSIC), Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Cancer (CIBERONC) CB16/12/00400, Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS Research Support Platform), University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
- 5Translational and Clinical Research Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular Salamanca (USAL), Department of Medicine, IBSAL and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- 6Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is an inborn error of immunity (IEI) characterized by impaired immunoglobulin (Ig) production, in association with an increased susceptibility to infections and a diversity of non-infectious clinical manifestations, such as autoimmunity and organomegalies (1). Most CVID patients also show abnormalities in B-cell maturation patterns, mostly at the plasma cell (PC) and memory B-cell (MBC) levels, as confirmed by flow cytometric (FCM)-based immunophenotyping (2, 3).
Since 1998, human MBC have been immunophenotypically defined as CD27+(i.e., classical MBC) (4, 5). This cell surface receptor protein is a member of the TNF-receptor family and was considered the preferred marker to distinguish MBC from antigen-inexperienced (naïve) B cells (IgD+) based on the established correlation between its expression and the somatic hypermutation status (SHM) of Ig genes (2, 6, 7). Today, it is recognized that approximately 1-5% of human peripheral blood memory B-cells in healthy adults lack CD27 expression on their surface membrane (6, 7). Some studies described increased frequencies of double-negative IgD-/CD27- (DN) B cells in peripheral blood of healthy controls aged > 60 years, compared to younger adults (8), although this age-related increase in DN B cells was not consistently confirmed across studies (9) and their functional role remains to be fully elucidated. Published data suggest that DN B cells are possibly heterogeneous as some authors regarded them as exhausted cells due to repeated antigenic stimulation, while others consider them as T-cell independent or primary less experienced germinal center (GC) memory B cells (8, 10). Those IgD-/CD27- DN B cells share several characteristics with the IgD-/CD27+ switched memory B cells (sMBC), including similar telomere length and morphology. However, the level of SHM of class-switched Ig genes of IgD-/CD27- DN B cells is somewhat lower than that of IgD-/CD27+ sMBC (6–8, 10). Thus, the definition of sMBC has progressed over time, currently recognizing sMBC as heterogeneous for CD27. This is of particular importance when sMBC are part of the diagnostic/prognostic criteria of a disease, as is the case in CVID.
Indeed, the current European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) working definitions for the clinical diagnosis of CVID (published in November 2019) include low sMBC (<70% of age-matched normal values) as a supportive (but not mandatory) diagnostic criterion (11). Likewise, the well-established EUROclass classification categorizes CVID patients based on the percentage of sMBC (≤ 2%) into the SmB- vs SmB+ groups associated with relevant differences in disease severity and their clinical phenotypes (2). However, no definitive consensus exists, nor any explicit guidance has been provided in the ESID diagnostic criteria, on how sMBC should be immunophenotypically defined, what reference values should be applied and whether ‘low’ sMBC refers to relative (%) or absolute cell counts (µL).
In this study, we investigated the impact of different sMBC definitions/tube compositions/reference values on the subclassification of CVID using two EuroFlow (EF) standardized FCM panels. Both panels are part of the EF FCM-based algorithm for the diagnostic work-up of primary immunodeficiencies (PID) of the lymphoid system (12). In the context of predominantly antibody deficiencies (PAD) including CVID, this algorithm recommends the combined use of the 8-color PID orientation tube (PIDOT) and the 12-color immunoglobulin IgH-isotype tube to allow for a detailed analysis of the MBC and plasmablast compartments in blood, enabling the identification of specific CVID subtypes (12). Compared to PIDOT, the IgH-isotype tube includes additional markers (such as CD38, CD5 and CD24, IgG1-4, IgA1-2), and both tubes are accompanied by distinct sets of tube-specific age-related reference values generated by the EuroFlow Consortium (13). More details on the antibody panels used in this study are included in Supplementary Table S1. Furthermore, the standardized FCM gating strategies proposed for both tubes define sMBC based on heterogeneous CD27 expression (CD27het) in the absence of IgM/D cell surface expression (12–14). For more details on the gating strategies of PIDOT and IgH tubes see Neirinck et al., 2022 and Blanco et al., 2019, respectively. This approach differs from the commonly used EUROclass CVID classification, in which CD27 positivity is key for the identification of MBC (2).
In a three year period (from 03/2021 to 03/2024), standardized FCM analysis was performed on fresh (<24 hours following collection) peripheral blood samples from 33 CVID patients (M/F ratio: 17/16; average age in years (min-max): 37 (12 – 75)) using the EF PIDOT and IgH-isotype tubes at the Laboratory of Hematology and Clinical Immunology of Ghent University Hospital (Ghent, Belgium) (12, 13, 15). FCM analysis was performed strictly following the EF standard operating procedures (SOPs) for bulk lysis, sample staining, instrument set-up and calibration (www.EuroFlow.org). Data were acquired on a FACSLyric flow cytometer (Beckton Dickinson, San Jose, CA) and analyzed with the Infinicyt software (version 2.0.6.b.007; BD-Cytognos S.L., Salamanca, Spain). Ethical approval for this study was obtained (EC-approval code: BC-07300).
All flow cytometry standard (fcs) data files originating from the two-tube stainings were manually analyzed in duplicate using the two different definitions for sMBC (heterogeneous expression of CD27het vs. CD27+ expression). Relative cell counts (% on parent population) were obtained for CD27+ and CD27het sMBC. Absolute cell counts were obtained by the dual-platform flow cytometry method using the total lymphocyte counts originating from the Sysmex XE-5000 or XN-1000 hematology analyzers (Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan) (16). Patients were subsequently categorized into the SmB+ or SmB- CVID groups using the EUROclass criterion of ≤ 2%. Differences between tube stainings and reference values were also investigated. Statistical evaluation and graphical representations were performed using SPSS (version 29.0.2.0, IBM, Armonk, NY), Rstudio (version 100 4.3.3) and Biorender.com.
Our data shows that both differences in definition of sMBCs and the tube composition influenced the relative (Figure 1A) and absolute counts of sMBC (Supplementary Figure S1). Thus, with PIDOT, both relative (from total B cells) and absolute sMBC counts were significantly higher when using the EF gating approach (CD27het) versus the historical gating approach (CD27+) (median 5.7% vs. 4.1%, p < 0.001, median 8.3/µL vs. 4.6/µL, p <0.001; Paired t-test). Interestingly, the IgH-isotype tube yielded a significantly lower percentage of sMBC compared to PIDOT (median 4.0% vs. 5.7%, p < 0.001, median 4.7/µL vs. 8.3/µL, p <0.001), although both tubes use the same definition of CD27het. In part, this difference can be explained by the usage of different strategies to define and exclude plasma cells. These findings are in line with the reference values published by EF for the PIDOT and the IgH-isotype antibody panels which do not completely overlap for the sMBC population, as reference ranges are tube-specific and therefore not interchangeable between the two standardized EF PID tubes, nor can they be generalized to other FCM tubes using other markers and clones. Of note, age groups used to establish reference ranges are also not fully aligned. Together, this may yield differences in interpretation, especially in case of borderline results.
Figure 1. The impact of different definitions and FCM tube compositions on the identification and quantification of switched MBC (sMBC). (A) Paired box plots show relative cell counts (% on parent population) of sMBC, obtained via different gating strategies (CD27+ vs CD27het) and tube compositions (PIDOT vs IgH-isotype tube). (Paired sample T-test, ***p-values <0.001 were considered statistically significant). (B) Venn diagram representing the number of CVID patients (n = 26/33) that fulfill the SmB+ criterion (sMBC > 2%) according to the EUROclass classification, based on different FCM tubes and gating strategies. Discordant cases due to differences in the sMBC defining criteria are indicated in orange. The other discordant cases attributed to a combination of sMBC definition and/or tube composition are indicated in blue. Figure created with BioRender.com.
Our observations show that evolutions in definitions of sMBC (CD27+ vs CD27het) and marker choices affect the identification of sMBC. Moreover, this information is often not shared by the laboratories with the treating clinicians. This entails the risk of a mismatch between the definition of sMBC used and the classification used. To investigate the impact of this potential mismatch, we classified our 33 CVID patients in smB+ vs smB- groups using the EUROclass criterion of ≤2% sMBC. As expected, applying the newer CD27het definition of sMBC resulted in significantly more patients being classified as SmB+ (>2% sMBC) compared to the traditional (CD27+) gating strategy. This was the case for both the EF PIDOT (79% vs 67%, p < 0.001) and the EF IgH-isotype tubes (73% vs 55%, p < 0.001). Overall, this implies that 12% of CVID (n=4/33) patients in our cohort were differentially subcategorized as SmB+ depending on the gating strategy (see Figure 1B; Supplementary Table S2). Interestingly, in two of these cases also differences in tube composition affected the SmB interpretation.
In conclusion, we illustrated that differences in gating strategies and marker choices may (substantially) affect the identification of sMBC, as well as the subclassification of a small fraction of CVID patients, potentially impacting CVID diagnosis. In our work we mainly focused on the definition of sMBC based on CD27, but impact on the proportion may also be seen when changing the denominator for calculating sMBC (17). We therefore encourage policymakers to unambiguously define the sMBC in the CVID diagnostic and classification criteria, by specifying at least the markers and the data analysis strategy, the denominator, and ideally, also introducing age-matched reference values or age-normalized criteria instead of a single age-independent cut-off. From a laboratory perspective, we can tackle this challenge by mentioning the way sMBC are defined, and by implementing standardized EF tubes and protocols, enabling consistent and reproducible CVID classification across laboratories, ultimately leading to improved patient care.
Author contributions
MB: Writing – original draft, Formal Analysis, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. JN: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Formal Analysis. CV: Writing – review & editing. FH: Writing – review & editing. MP-A: Writing – review & editing. AO: Writing – review & editing. MH: Writing – review & editing, Methodology, Conceptualization. CB: Methodology, Writing – review & editing, Conceptualization.
Funding
The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article. This project received funding from the Fund for Innovation and Clinical Research (FIKO, Health, innovation and research institute University Hospital Ghent) and is supported by a TBM grant (Research Foundation – Flanders, T000119N).
Acknowledgments
The authors sincerely thank the patients and their families for their participation in the ProFILE study, as well as the clinical nurse Karlien Claes for the clinical support. We also gratefully acknowledge Pauline Breughe and Jana De Wolf for their contributions to the PIDOT data analyses.
Conflict of interest
AO and MP-A report being inventors on the EuroFlow-owned European patent EP3213080B1 registered in October 2015 “Reagents, methods and kits for diagnosing primary immunodeficiencies’’. The Infinicyt software is based on intellectual property of the University of Salamanca in Spain. All above mentioned intellectual property and related patents are licensed to Becton/Dickinson Biosciences-Cytognos Salamanca, Spain and Becton/Dickinson Biosciences San José, California, and these companies pay royalties to the EuroFlow Consortium. These royalties are exclusively used for continuation of the EuroFlow collaboration and sustainability of the EuroFlow Consortium.
The remaining author(s) declared that that this work was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The author MP-A declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.
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Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1726673/full#supplementary-material
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Keywords: ESID, EUROclass, flow cytometry (FCM), common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), EuroFlow (EF), harmonisation
Citation: Buysse M, Neirinck J, De Vriendt C, Haerynck F, Pérez-Andrés M, Orfao A, Hofmans M and Bonroy C (2026) Harmonisation of switched memory B cell analysis for improved CVID diagnosis and classification. Front. Immunol. 16:1726673. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1726673
Received: 16 October 2025; Accepted: 30 November 2025; Revised: 24 November 2025;
Published: 13 January 2026.
Edited by:
Attila Kumanovics, Mayo Clinic, United StatesReviewed by:
Jordan Abbott, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, United StatesCopyright © 2026 Buysse, Neirinck, De Vriendt, Haerynck, Pérez-Andrés, Orfao, Hofmans and Bonroy. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Malicorne Buysse, bWFsaWNvcm5lLmJ1eXNzZUB1emdlbnQuYmU=
†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship
‡These authors have contributed equally to this work and share last authorship