Shankargouda Patil1
A. Thirumal Raj2*
- 1Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Science, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
- 2Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
A commentary on
Molecular machines open cell membranes
by García-López V, Chen F, Nilewski LG, Duret G, Aliyan A, Kolomeisky AB. Nature (2017) 548:567–72. doi:10.1038/nature23657
The past decade has seen a substantial increase in the use of molecular targeted therapies. The major factor propelling research investments in molecular therapies is its ability to target specific cells with minimal damage to the surrounding tissues. The molecules used in targeted therapies have different functional roles ranging from delivering a therapeutic agent to causing cell death of the target cells through apoptosis or necrosis (1).
The first step in molecular therapy is for the molecule to accurately identify the target cells. The second step is to successfully deliver the intended effect on to the target cell. Although molecules currently in use have shown to have relatively high specificity in identifying the target cells, complications arise during the delivery stage, where in either the therapeutic agents carried by the molecule gets deactivated or released early or get conglomerated with other molecules and is eliminated by the host’s macrophages (2). Thus, to combat the disadvantages of the conventional targeted delivery systems, physical energy methods are being explored as possible means for effectively delivering the intended effect onto the target cells (2).
In molecular oncology, multiple techniques for the penetration of the cancer cell membrane is being explored to serve as tools for delivering the therapeutic agents. There is wide variation in the strategies used for the penetration of the lipid bilayers of the cellular membrane of the target cells. These include electric, magnetic, temperature, ultrasound, and light-based molecule activation systems (3–6). More recently, García-López et al. used molecules which on activation by external stimuli can produce mechanical actions with the capability to penetrate the bi-layered cell membrane of the target cell (1). The molecule consists of several components. The major portion of the molecule is the stator portion. Attached to the stator portion is the smaller rotor portion, which is activated by the UV light. Fluorophores are attached to the stator portion of the molecule to confirm the attachment of the molecule to the target cell. The molecules also carry short peptide addends to specifically identify the target cell through specific cell-surface recognition sites. The first step in the process of nanomechanics mediated targeted therapy is the adsorption of the action molecule on to the target cells lipid bilayer. The second step involves the UV based activation of the molecules. On exposure to 355–365 nm light, the rotor portion of the molecule gets activated and rotates at high frequency. Molecules without the rotor component are used as control (1). Due to the relatively smaller size of the rotors (1 nm) compared with the thickness of the bi-lipid membranes (7.5–10 nm), there is a delay period between the UV based activation of the molecule and the penetration of the target cell. This delay is seen even in other forms of probe-induced mechanical perturbations (7).
In most of the light absorbing molecules used in molecular therapies, following activation, the molecule merely transfers the absorbed light energy and dissipates it onto the target cell, which may not be sufficient for the desired disruption of the latter. The advantage in UV based nanomechanical force is that even if the target cell membrane is relatively more resistant to rupture, the force generated from the resulting motion of the molecular rotor is theoretically sufficient to disrupt the integrity of the cell membrane (1).
To conclude, García-López et al. have used in vitro techniques to successfully demonstrate the nanomechanical penetrating of cancer cells. Further animal based in vivo studies are required to substantiate the results of García-López et al. and to provide sufficient evidence to extend its application on to human trials.
Author Contributions
AR drafted the manuscript. SP reviewed and edited the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
1. García-López V, Chen F, Nilewski LG, Duret G, Aliyan A, Kolomeisky AB. Molecular machines open cell membranes. Nature (2017) 548:567–72. doi:10.1038/nature23657
2. Lakshmanan S, Gupta GK, Avci P, Chandran R, Sadasivam M, Jorge AE, et al. Physical energy for drug delivery; poration, concentration and activation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev (2014) 71:98–114. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2013.05.010
3. Liu D, Wang L, Wang Z, Cuschieri A. Magnetoporation and magnetolysis of cancer cells via carbon nanotubes induced by rotating magnetic fields. Nano Lett (2012) 12:5117–21. doi:10.1021/nl301928z
4. Ivanov IT. Spectrofluorometric and microcalorimetric study of the thermal poration relevant to the mechanism of thermohaemolysis. Int J Hyperthermia (1999) 15:29–43. doi:10.1080/026567399285837
5. Tachibana K, Uchida T, Ogawa K, Yamashita N, Tamura K. Introduction of cell-membrane porosity by ultrasound. Lancet (1999) 353:1409. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01244-1
6. Waleed M, Hwang SU, Kim JD, Shabbir I, Shin SM, Lee YG. Single-cell optoporation and transfection using femtosecond laser and optical tweezers. Biomed Opt Express (2013) 4:1533–47. doi:10.1364/BOE.4.001533
Keywords: molecular targeted therapy, in vitro technique, cell membrane, lipid bilayer, ultra violet rays
Citation: Patil S and Raj AT (2017) Commentary: Molecular Machines Open Cell Membranes. Front. Oncol. 7:277. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00277
Received: 16 October 2017; Accepted: 06 November 2017;
Published: 21 November 2017
Edited by:
Hervé Emonard, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, FranceReviewed by:
Hasan Uludag, University of Alberta, CanadaTerrence J. Piva, RMIT University, Australia
Copyright: © 2017 Patil and Raj. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: A. Thirumal Raj, thirumalraj666@gmail.com