Qinlu Li
Min Xiao
Ying Wang- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Background: A translocation t(14;19)(q32;q13) leading to a fusion of IGH and BCL3 which is a rare cytogenetic abnormality in CLL patients, has a more aggressive clinical course with a shorter time to first treatment (TTT) and worse overall survival (OS). To date, there is no literature reporting the identification of the t(14;19) in Chinese CLL patients and the reviewing the characteristic of all patients with this abnormality reported previously in the literature.
Patients and Methods: We first demonstrate three cases of t(14;19) translocation among the 200 CLL patients from 2017 to 2019 in our hospital. We investigated several aspects such as clinicopathologic features, cytogenetic analysis, IGHV mutations, next-generation sequencing technology (NGS), and histopathological characteristics in order to clearly define the features of this entity in Chinese patients and compare them with patients reported previously in western countries.
Results: The clinical and pathological features of our three cases resemble those of earlier reports. All patients had atypical morphologic features and atypical immunophenotypes with low CLL scores detected by flow cytometry. All cases were unmutated in the IGHV mutations. Two cases showed complex karyotype and one case demonstrate missense mutations of TP53 and FBXW7.
Conclusion: In conclusion, this is the first report on IGH/BCL3-positive B-CLLs in Chinese people, which provided a comprehensive analysis of clinical and pathological characteristics. In addition to some similar clinical and laboratory features reported in the previous literature, we first found that CLL with t(14;19) has a higher possibility of being accompanied with high complex karyotype (high-CK), which is now regarded as a novel negative prognostic marker. Early identification of this abnormality in CLL patients is so important that patients can benefit from the more aggressive treatments at the onset of the disease.
Clinical Practice Points
1. t(14;19)(q32;q13), involving the BCL3 locus at chromosome 19q13 and the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene at 14q32, is a rare recurrent cytogenetic abnormality identified in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cases, most of which are distinctive, classic CLL and are associated with poor prognosis.
2. Our three Chinese CLL patients with t(14;19) also demonstrate atypical morphologic features, immunophenotypes, and progressive disease processes, similar to cases in previous reports from Western countries.
3. It is noteworthy that CLL with t(14;19) is often accompanied with high complex karyotype (high-CK), which is now regarded as a novel negative prognostic marker.
4. Cytogenetic analysis should be performed in all newly diagnosed CLL patients. Furthermore, a probe for BCL3 for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) should be used to increase the detection of t(14;19) in CLL patients, especially when the conventional chromosome banding analysis demonstrates add(14q32) or FISH indicates an abnormal IGH signal.
5. Active treatments, such as Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, should be considered to block this progressive process once this abnormality is identified in CLL patients.
Introduction
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a common clonal neoplasm of small, mature B lymphocytes among adults in Western countries; however, it is relatively rare in Asians (1). Recently, there has been an increasing frequency of new CLL cases in China with the development of the Chinese economy and the improvement of testing methods (2). Cytogenetic analyses, including fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and chromosome banding analysis (CBA), play an important role in the prognostic evaluation of CLL. More than 80% of CLL patients harbor at cytogenetic aberrations (3). Among these aberrations, a rare translocation t(14;19)(q32;q13) leading to a fusion of IGH and BCL3, which was initially reported by Bloomfield et al. in 1983 (4), has been described as the second most frequent translocation involving IGH after IgH/BCL2 in CLL patients, and has a more aggressive clinical course with a shorter time to first treatment and worse overall survival (5–7).
To date, studies reporting the identification of t(14;19) in Chinese CLL patients, use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) for this condition, and application of the novel drug, BTK inhibitor, in patients with this abnormality are lacking. Moreover, previous studies have revealed that Chinese CLL patients display different clinical and molecular features from CLL patients from Western countries (8, 9). We first demonstrate here three cases of t(14; 19) translocation among 200 CLL patients from 2017 to 2019 in our hospital. We performed several investigations, including assessment of clinicopathologic features, cytogenetic analysis, IGHV mutation analysis, NGS, and histopathological review of IGH/BCL3-positive cases in our department to clearly define the features of this entity in Chinese patients and compare them with those of patients from Western countries.
Case Description
From June 2017 to December 2019, we received 200 blood and bone marrow samples from patients diagnosed with CLL according to the iwCLL criteria in our laboratory. Using the standard Wright-Giemsa staining protocol, peripheral blood smears were prepared for manual 100-cell differential white blood cell counting; manual 200-cell differential white blood cell counting was performed using bone marrow aspirate smears. Particular attention was given to the features of lymphocytes. Bone marrow core biopsy and excisional lymph node biopsy specimens, when available, were routinely processed, and H&E-stained sections were examined. Samples from all patients underwent conventional G-banding chromosomal analysis by culturing for 72 h with the stimulation of CPG mitogens (the combination of CpG-oligonucleotide DSP30 and interleukin-2). FISH was performed in all patients using a commercially available probe panel (MetaSystems, Altlussheim, Germany), including del(13q14)/D13S19, +12, del(11q22)/ATM, and del(17p13)/TP53, t(11;14)(q13;q32)/IGH/CCND1. Peripheral blood or bone marrow aspirate samples were analyzed by flow cytometry (FACS Calibur), and the CLL score was calculated according to the system by Matutes and colleagues (10). Scores were based on five variables: dim expression of surface immunoglobulin, 1 point; CD5, 1 point; CD23, 1 point; dim or absent CD22/CD79b, 1 point; and absent FMC-7, 1 point. Total RNA from bone marrow aspirate or peripheral blood was extracted for sequence analysis of IGHV genes using the International ImMunoGeneTics (IMGT) information system and database tools (IMGT/V-Quest, http://imgt.org). The IGHV mutation statuses were designated as follows: unmutated if there were <2% mutations (≥98% homology) or mutated if there were >2% mutations (≤98% homology) compared to germline sequences. NGS was performed using Ion Torren PGM/Illumina NextSeq 550Dx platform with the targeted panel from 40 genes (ATM, BIRC3, BTK, CALR, CARD11, CD79A, CD79B, CHD2, CSMD3, CXCR4, DDX3X, EZH2, FAT1, FBXW7, KLHL6, LRP1B, MAPK1, MUC2, MYD88, NOTCH1, PLCG2, PLEKHG5, POT1, SF3B1, SPEN, TGM7, TP53, XPO1, and ZMYM3). Finally, we retrospectively screened and identified three cases with t(14; 19) in the cytogenetic database. IGH and BCL3 gene rearrangement probes (Metasystems, Altlussheim, Germany) were used to prove that all the cases had IGH/BCL3 translocation. Clinical information and related laboratory testing data were collected together and are described in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively.
Table 1 Clinical features.
Table 2 Laboratory results.
Patient 1
Patient 1 was a 50-year-old man admitted to the hospital for hemorrhoidectomy in December 2017. The blood examination showed high white blood count, 30.75×109 cells/L. The other parameters were absolute lymphocyte count, 25.95×109 cells/L; hemoglobin level, 101 g/L; and platelet count, 241×109 cells/L. The patient had no fever, cough, chest tightness, or other discomforts. No enlargement of lymph nodes or the spleen was found in the CT scan. Bone marrow aspirate showed extensive infiltration by a heterogeneous mixture of small and medium cells with indented nuclei. Leukemic cells expressed CD19, CD22, CD23, and kappa, whereas the expression of CD5 and surface Ig was dim-positive and that of FMC7 was negative; the CLL score was 3. By karyotyping, trisomy 12 was the only additional cytogenetic abnormality, and this was confirmed by FISH using a probe panel. Interphase FISH analysis using the dual-color BCL3 probe demonstrated one intact red/green fusion signal and 1 red and 1 green split signal, which indicated a BCL3 gene break-apart. The IGHV status was unmutated. The patient was placed in the Rai 0 category. The patient was observed for 18 months without any treatment until the lymphocyte count reached 55.95×109 cells/L. To date, the patient has received five cycles of the standard rituximab, fludarabine, and cyclophosphamide (FCR) treatment and the follow-up is being continued.
Patient 2
Patient 2 was a 46-year-old man who presented with cervical lymph node enlargement in September 2018. The blood examination showed high white blood count, 20.55×109 cells/L. The other parameters were absolute lymphocyte count, 16.85×109 cells/L; hemoglobin level, 105 g/L; and platelet count, 258×109 cells/L. PET/CT showed multiple lymph node enlargements throughout the body. Lymph node biopsy demonstrated that the lymph node specimen was predominantly composed of small lymphocytes with a mixture of larger lymphocytes with scanty cytoplasm, clumped chromatin, and round or slightly irregular nuclei. These slightly large cells were diffused with an increased proliferation index. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the lymphoid cells were positive for CD5, CD20, CD23, and BCL2 and negative for CD3, CD10, BCL6, and Cyclin D1. The index of Ki-67 staining was about 30%. Bone marrow morphology displayed abnormal lymphocyte proliferation, diffuse or interstitial distribution, small cells mixed with increased large cells, round or irregular nuclei, dispersed chromatin, and insignificant nucleoli. Immunohistochemical staining results were as follows: CD20+, CD5-, CD23 (partial +), CD10-, CD3-, MPO-, BCL2-, and CyclinD1-. G-banding analysis showed a complex karyotype of near-tetraploid: 85~90, XXYY, del(6)(q21), -7, -8, -10, +12, -13, t(14;19)(q32;q13)×2, -15, -18[cp10] (Figure 1A), and a concurrent 6q deletion and trisomy 12 in addition to t(14;19), which were all confirmed by FISH (Figure 1B). The CLL immunophenotypic score was 3 with positive CD5 and CD23 expression, brighter CD22/CD79b, and brighter surface immunoglobulin expression and negative FMC7 expression. The IGHV status was unmutated. This patient was finally classified into the Rai III category. Due to the lack of funds, the patient was treated with the FCR regimen for four cycles. At the same time, he was considered to have entered the clinical trial of BTK inhibitor.
Figure 1 (A) G-banding analysis of case 2 showed t(14;19) accompanied by a complex.karyotype of near-tetraploid with concurrent 6q deletion and +12. (B) Interphase FISH analysis of case 2 using the dual-color BCL3 probe. FISH results demonstrated two intact red/green fusion signals, and 2 red and 2 green split signals, which indicated BCL3 gene break-apart. (Yellow arrows pointed to split signals of the rearranged gene).
Patient 3
Patient 3 was a 55-year-old man diagnosed with CLL at a local hospital and began treatment with chlorambucil without the related prognostic evaluation including CBA, FISH, IgHV status, and NGS in June 2016. One and a half years later, the patient presented to our hospital because of disease progression. After admission, routine blood examination showed a leukocyte count of 80.55×109 cells/L, absolute lymphocyte count 65.29×109 cells/L, hemoglobin level 67 g/L, and platelet count 95 × 109 cells/L. The patient had no superficial lymphadenopathy or splenomegaly. Computed tomography demonstrated bilateral hilar and mediastinal lymph node enlargement. Lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and bone marrow were cytologically atypical, and the majority of cells were small with admixed medium and large cells in a lower nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and nuclear indentations. G-banding chromosome analysis showed a complex karyotype, 44, XY, t(6;8)(q13;p21), t(14;19)(q32;q13), add(17)(p13), -18, -20[2]/46,XY[18]. FISH further confirmed the existence of the deletion of the P53 gene. Flow cytometry showed 66.87% monoclonal B lymphocytes with the expression of CD5 and CD20, and dim Sig expression as well as negative expression of FMC7, CD79b/CD22, and CD103. The CLL score was 3–4. NGS demonstrated the missense mutations of the seventh exon of TP53 and the ninth exon of FBXW7. The IGHV status was also unmutated. The patient was placed in the Rai IV category. The standard FCR treatment was performed for 2 cycles. Due to the unsatisfactory efficacy of chemotherapy, the patient entered the clinical trial of BTK inhibitor. However, the patient died of serious pulmonary infection after two months of treatment with BTK inhibitor.
Discussion
t(14;19) (q32;q13) involving IGH/BCL3 gene rearrangements is considered to be a rare and recurrent chromosomal abnormality in B-cell malignancies, especially in CLL patients (6). Until now, only a few small series of reports on this genetic abnormality have been published. These reports suggested that t(14;19)-positive CLL might represent a distinct entity, which exhibits features that are different from those of typical CLL, including younger patient age, an aggressive clinical course, atypical morphologic and immunophenotypic features, and an association with trisomy 12 (6, 7).
To our knowledge, our report is the first report of Chinese CLL patients with t(14;19) (q32;q13). The clinical and pathological features of our three cases resemble those of earlier reports. All three patients were very young, with an average age of 50 years, and had atypical cellular morphology with cleaved nuclei or lymphoplasmacytic features. The growth pattern in the bone marrow biopsy specimens was interstitial to diffuse. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping showed an atypical immunophenotype with low CLL scores. All our cases were unmutated based on the molecular genetic analysis of the IGHV somatic mutation status.
Similar to previous studies, all of our cases harbored additional cytogenetic abnormalities in addition to t(14;19), and two of the three cases coexisted with +12 (case 1 and case 2). Moreover, both cases 2 and 3 demonstrated high complex karyotype (high-CK, defined as ≥ 5 abnormalities). Combined with the 86 previously reported CLL cases with t(14;19) (q32;q13) in the literature, we found that 79 cases had complete karyotype information, and high-CK was observed in 20/79 (25.3%) of the cases (Table 3), which is remarkably higher than the 271/5290 (5.1%) for common CLL reported in a recent European multicenter study conducted by Panagiotis Baliakas et al., the largest to date (P <0.001) (14). Similarly, trisomy 12 was also found in 39/79 (49.4%) of the cases, which is significantly higher than the 15% reported in the literature for unselected B-CLLs (14). Additionally, trisomy 12 was associated with atypical morphology, atypical immunophenotype (15).
Table 3 Clinical and laboratory data of all cases with t(14;19) accompanied by high-CK in previous studies.
With the introduction of effective mitogens, sufficient metaphases of the CLL clone can be obtained, and thus the detection rate of chromosomal abnormalities has also increased. Cytogenetic abnormalities, particularly high-CK, have recently emerged as one of the independent novel biomarkers associated with an inferior outcome (16, 17). The relationship between CLL patients with t(14;19) (q32;q13) and high-CK remains to be elucidated in larger datasets.
The application of NGS in CLL with t(14; 19) has not been addressed in previous studies. Interestingly, NGS was performed for case 3, and it identified a TP53 mutation and a FBXW7 mutation. The TP53 mutation had high concordance with 17p deletion and was an independent negative prognosis predictor of CLL (18). The frequency of FBXW7 mutation, which was significantly associated with trisomy 12, was too low to obtain reliable statistics about the prognostic significance in CLL (19). With expansion of our sample size, we will analyze and provide a summary of NGS information for these patients in a future study.
It is well-known that CLL has a highly variable clinical course, with some patients progressing rapidly within several months of diagnosis and others living without treatment for years. Therapy for CLL is currently undergoing a revolution with the introduction of B-cell receptor signaling inhibitors (BTK inhibitors), which have been recommended as the first-line treatment for CLL patients and relapsed refractory patients by NCCN guidelines. The molecular identification of t(14;19) was illuminated by McKeithan et al. (15), and this translocation is associated with overexpression of the BCL3 gene, which encodes an IKB-like protein and modulates the activity of the NF-KB transcription factors. BTK inhibitors play a role in blocking the NF-KB pathway, so this could also be an alternative treatment for this progressive group of patients. Our patient 3 was already in poor condition when he was enrolled in the BTK inhibitor clinical trial. The duration of drug treatment was too short to evaluate its efficacy. Although we are not yet able to draw a conclusion on the efficacy of BTK inhibitors in patients with t (14; 19), we still suggest that this novel drug or an association of BTKi and anti-BCL2. is a good attempt for this kind of patients especially in the early time of the disease. Notably, an overall assessment of the patient is necessary at the onset of the disease. Meanwhile, we could consider the more aggressive treatment once the high-risk factor was identified.
Inevitably, as a retrospective analysis, there are still some limitations in our research, including unavailability of some examination information and short follow-up time, both of which could be overcome with the expansion of our sample size and targeted management of these patients.
In conclusion, this is the first report of IGH/BCL3-positive B-CLLs in Chinese patients, which provided a comprehensive analysis of clinical and pathological characteristics. In addition to having some similar clinical and laboratory features to cases reported in the literature, we first found that CLL with t(14;19) has a higher possibility of being accompanied with high-CK, which is now regarded as a novel predictive marker for refractoriness to not only chemotherapy-based treatment regimens but also novel agents such as the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax, independent of the presence of TP53 aberration. Further studies on the pathogenesis of t(14;19) in CLL patients and subdivision of this group of patients combined with different karyotypes or NGS results are required to make more accurate assessments of these patients who could benefit from tailored treatment.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are publicly available. This data can be found here: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/?term=PRJNA669583.
Ethics Statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Medical Ethics Committee of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author Contributions
QL designed the study and wrote the manuscript. YW reviewed all related literature, performed bioinformatic analysis, and revised the manuscript in this study. SX performed FISH experiment and gathered related data. HZ made chromosome banding analysis. XM performed the flow cytometry test. MX performed high throughput sequencing experiment. JW collected clinical sample and related data. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Keywords: chronic lymphocytic leukemia, complex karyotype, fluorescence in situ hybridization, chromosome banding analysis, BCL3 rearrangement
Citation: Li Q, Xing S, Zhang H, Mao X, Xiao M, Wei J and Wang Y (2020) Case Report: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia With a Rare Translocation t(14;19)(q32;q13) Involving IGH/BCL3 Rearrangements: Report of Three Chinese Cases and Literature Review. Front. Oncol. 10:594732. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.594732
Received: 14 August 2020; Accepted: 21 October 2020;
Published: 19 November 2020.
Edited by:
Alessandro Gozzetti, University of Siena, ItalyReviewed by:
Paolo de Fabritiis, University of Rome Tor Vergata, ItalySilvia Bea, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain
Copyright © 2020 Li, Xing, Zhang, Mao, Xiao, Wei and Wang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Ying Wang, bluewy629@163.com