Systematic Overview of Aristolochic Acids: Nephrotoxicity, Carcinogenicity, and Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract

Aristolochic acids (AAs) are a group of toxins commonly present in the plants of genus Aristolochia and Asarum, which are spread all over the world. Since the 1990s, AA-induced nephropathy (AAN) and upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) have been reported in many countries. The underlying mechanisms of AAN and AA-induced UTUC have been extensively investigated. AA-derived DNA adducts are recognized as specific biomarkers of AA exposure, and a mutational signature predominantly characterized by A→T transversions has been detected in AA-induced UTUC tumor tissues. In addition, various enzymes and organic anion transporters are involved in AA-induced adverse reactions. The progressive lesions and mutational events initiated by AAs are irreversible, and no effective therapeutic regimen for AAN and AA-induced UTUC has been established until now. Because of several warnings on the toxic effects of AAs by the US Food and Drug Administration and the regulatory authorities of some other countries, the sale and use of AA-containing products have been banned or restricted in most countries. However, AA-related adverse events still occur, especially in the Asian and Balkan regions. Therefore, the use of AA-containing herbal remedies and the consumption of food contaminated by AAs still carry high risk. More strict precautions should be taken to protect the public from AA exposure.

Introduction

Aristolochic acids (AAs) are identified as a group of toxins that can cause end-stage renal failure associated with urothelial carcinoma. In 1992, a high prevalence of kidney disease accompanied by urothelial carcinoma in female patients ingesting slimming pills raised worldwide attention to the high nephrotoxic and carcinogenic potential of AAs. Subsequently, Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) has also been found to be associated with the exposure to AAs. Since then, different studies have addressed the characterization and quantitation of AA analogs in plants and products, and the underlying mechanisms involved in the adverse reactions of AAs have been broadly described (Zhou et al., 2019).

Aristolochic Acids

AAs are abundant in the plants of genus Aristolochia and Asarum, which are spread all over the world (Hashimoto et al., 1999; Wooltorton, 2004; Liang et al., 2017). So far, more than 178 AA analogs have been isolated from natural sources (Michl et al., 2014), in which at least seven species of Aristolochia, including Aristolochia indica L. (Asia), A. serpentaria L. (North America), A. debilis Sieb and Zucch. (China), A. acuminata Lam (India), A. trilobata L. (Central/South America, Caribbean), A. clematitis L. (Europe), and A. bracteolata Lam. (Africa) (Heinrich et al., 2009), as well as four species of Asarum, including Asarum heteropoides f. mandshuricum (Maxim). Kitag and A. sieboldii Miq (China), A. europaeum L. (Europe), and A. canadense L (Canada and USA) (Michl et al., 2017) are used medicinally. Herbs or products containing AAs are commonly used for treating cold, headache, aphthous stomatitis, inflammatory diseases, snake bites, and sexual problems (Li et al., 2010; Kuo et al., 2012; Michl et al., 2013; Bhattacharjee et al., 2017; Liang et al., 2017). Since nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity of AAs have been recognized, the US Food and Drug Administration and regulatory authorities of some other countries have issued alerts against the use and import of products containing parts of Aristolochia. The sale and use of AA-containing products are banned or restricted in most countries. However, in the US and Europe, herbal supplements containing AAs could be easily purchased through the Internet (Gold and Slone, 2003; Schaneberg and Khan, 2004; Michl et al., 2013). In addition, in China and some Asian countries, herbal remedies and products containing herb preparations from Aristolochia and Asarum are still used, and millions of people may be at risk of developing AA-related disease (Hu et al., 2004; Grollman, 2013; Rosenquist and Grollman, 2016). Studies have been performed to assess the AA content in different plants and products. Some typical AA analogs (Figure 1) obtained from plants and Chinese patent medicines are listed in Tables 1 and 2.

Figure 1

Aristolochic Acid-Induced Adverse Reactions

Aristolochic Acid Nephropathy

AA nephropathy (AAN) is a kind of chronic tubulointerstitial renal disease accompanied by upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) in almost half of the cases (Nortier et al., 2000). In 1992, some female patients from Belgium who consumed slimming pills containing Chinese herbs suffered from rapidly progressive interstitial nephritis (Vanherweghem et al., 1993). The renal failure was characterized by extensive interstitial fibrosis with atrophy, loss of tubules, and hyperplasia of the urothelium mainly localized in the superficial cortex (Cosyns et al., 1994a; Depierreux et al., 1994). Thereafter, urothelial carcinoma occurred in more than 40% of the patients consuming these Chinese herbs (Cosyns et al., 1994b; Nortier et al., 2000; Lord et al., 2001; Nortier and Vanherweghem, 2002). After investigations, it was found that Stephania tetranda was inadvertently substituted by Aristolochia fangchi, which contained nephrotoxic constituents (AAs) leading to adverse events (Vanhaelen et al., 1994). AAs were substantiated as the chief culprit because AA-derived DNA adducts were detected in the kidneys and ureteric tissues of these patients (Schmeiser et al., 1996; Nortier et al., 2000; Lord et al., 2001). Since then, AAN has raised worldwide attention (Jadot et al., 2017). Long-term ingestion of herbal formula known or suspected to contain AAs is one of the prominent risk factors for developing AAN (Jia et al., 2005; Vervaet et al., 2017). Although the sale and use of AA-containing products are banned or restricted in most of the countries (Krell and Stebbing, 2013), AAN induced by numerous herbal remedies and products are still reported from all over the world (Lord et al., 1999; Yang et al., 2006; Debelle et al., 2008; Shaohua et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2012; Vaclavik et al., 2014; Ban et al., 2018).

Generally, most AAN patients display an unusually rapid progression towards end-stage renal disease. During clinical examination, mild hypertension, severe anemia, increased serum creatinine, decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria, glycosuria, and/or leukocyturia may be observed in most cases (Reginster et al., 1997; Meyer et al., 2000; Yang et al., 2012; Gokmen et al., 2013). More precisely, some studies reveal that microalbuminuria and proteinuria of tubular type can serve as early screening indicators of AAN (Kabanda et al., 1995; Trnacevic et al., 2017). Estimation of neutral endopeptidase, a 94-kDa ectoenzyme of the proximal tubule brush border, which is characteristically decreased in AAN patients, may also serve as an early clinical biomarker of AAN (Nortier et al., 1997). During renal tract ultrasonic inspection, shrunken kidneys are observed, which results in asymmetrical and irregular cortical outline (Gokmen et al., 2013). Microscopically, the typical findings are extensive interstitial fibrosis with atrophy and loss of tubules localized predominantly in the superficial cortex and progressing towards the inner cortex. The interstitium is remarkably hypocellular in a majority of the cases. Interstitial inflammatory infiltration is observed in some cases, and more inflammatory cells are found as compared with other renal diseases. The glomeruli are relatively spared. The collapse of the capillaries and wrinkling of the basement membrane are noticed in a few glomeruli. Glomerular lesions mainly include ischemic, microcystic, obsolescent glomeruli, occasional thrombotic microangiopathy-like lesions, and/or focal segmental sclerosis-like lesions. Multifocal thickening of interlobular and afferent arterioles and/or splitting up of peritubular capillary basement membranes may be observed, which are associated with arteriolar hyalinosis, intimal fibrous hyperplasia, and occasional mucoid arterial intimal fibrosis (Depierreux et al., 1994; Meyer et al., 2000; Stefanovic et al., 2007; Debelle et al., 2008; Jelakovic et al., 2014; Jadot et al., 2017).

Balkan Endemic Nephropathy

After AAs were substantiated as one of the main causative agents inducing rapidly progressive renal disease, some scientists proposed that the clinical and morphological features of different stages of AAN and the patterns of the famous BEN were strikingly similar. This provided a clue that BEN may also be related to AAs (Cosyns et al., 1994a; Arlt et al., 2002; Grollman et al., 2007; de Jonge and Vanrenterghem, 2008). BEN is an endemic familial but not inherited chronic renal disease, which is frequently accompanied by urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (Stefanovic et al., 2007; Miyazaki and Nishiyama, 2017). The disease is prevalent in the endemic farming villages along the tributaries of the Danube river (Stiborova et al., 2016). It has been estimated that almost 25,000 people have caught this disease, and nearly 100,000 people are still at risk (Bamias and Boletis, 2008; Pavlovic, 2013a).

Several hypotheses on the etiology of BEN have been projected in the past decades, including mycotoxins, phytotoxins, heavy metals, viruses, trace element deficiencies, and AAs (Stefanovic et al., 2006; Grollman et al., 2007; De Broe, 2012). Among these, the evidence is strongest for inadvertent chronic consumption of food contaminated with AAs leading to BEN (Grollman et al., 2007; De Broe, 2012; Bui-Klimke and Wu, 2014). Researchers assume that the BEN patients might be exposed to toxic AAs through consuming food prepared from flour contaminated with the seeds of the plants of Aristolochia family, which grow abundantly as weeds in the endemic regions (Ivic, 1969; Hranjec et al., 2005; Jelakovic et al., 2012; Grollman, 2013; Jelakovic et al., 2015b). Moreover, molecular agricultural and food chemistry investigations have been carried out to trace other possibilities on how AAs enter the human food chain. Studies have demonstrated that some crops could uptake and bioaccumulate AAs from the Aristolochia species-grown soil and water. Therefore, prolonged intake of food prepared from these crops can also result in BEN (Pavlovic et al., 2013b; Chan et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016; Gruia et al., 2018). In recent years, the definitive link between BEN and AAs has been found. AA-derived DNA adducts and hallmark A→T transversions have been detected in renal cortical and urothelial malignant tissues obtained from BEN patients (Grollman et al., 2007; Jelakovic et al., 2012).

Aristolochic Acid-Induced Urothelial Carcinoma

Apart from nephrotoxicity, AAs have also been implicated in the genesis of UTUC, which is a rare subset of urothelial malignancies occurring in the renal pelvis and upper ureter. UTUC has been so far principally correlated to AA intoxication (Miyazaki and Nishiyama, 2017). At first, scientists found progressive urothelial atypia and atypical hyperplasia in the tissue samples of Belgian patients diagnosed with slimming pill-induced nephrotoxicity (Cosyns et al., 1994a; Cosyns et al., 1994b). Subsequently, urothelial carcinoma localized in the upper urinary tract was observed in almost half of the AAN patients (Nortier et al., 2000). AA-derived DNA adducts and TP53 mutations were also found in the ureteric tissues (Cosyns et al., 1999; Lord et al., 2001), which indicated the carcinogenic potential of AAs on the urothelium. In addition, the prevalence of UTUC is extraordinarily high in BEN patients (Colin et al., 2009; Patel et al., 2014; Soria et al., 2017). The data on AA-derived DNA adducts and A→T transversions further corroborated the relationship between AAs and BEN-associated urothelial tumor (Arlt et al., 2002; Arlt et al., 2007; Schmeiser et al., 2012).

Moreover, the trend of urothelial cancer among the patients diagnosed with end-stage renal disease has been reduced with the decreased consumption of AA-containing products (Wang et al., 2014a; Wang et al., 2014b). In 2002 and 2012, the World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified AAs as group I carcinogen according to the available strong evidence that AA-specific DNA adducts and TP53 mutations were found in humans exposed to materials obtained from plant species containing AAs (IARC, 2002; IARC, 2012). However, despite a high mutagenic and carcinogenic potential, herbal remedies and products containing AAs are still used in Asia contributing to a high incidence of urothelial carcinoma (Chen et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2014; Sun et al., 2015).

Most cases of AA-induced UTUC are found during AAN inspections. Initially, only mild to moderate urothelial atypia and atypical hyperplasia were observed (Cosyns et al., 1994a). Subsequently, overwhelming disseminated pelvicalyceal urothelial atypia, malignant transformation, and/or multifocal flat transitional cell carcinoma mostly localized in the upper urinary tract were shown (Cosyns et al., 1994b; Cosyns et al., 1999). Usually, these tumors have a high mortality rate. The urothelial carcinomas are mainly of synchronous bilateral or metachronous contralateral type and are related to the cumulative exposure of AAs (Chen et al., 2013; Sun et al., 2015). In addition, AA-derived DNA adducts and TP53 mutations are clinically meaningful to explore the involvement of AAs in UTUC (Chen et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2013; Aydin et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2014; Sun et al., 2015).

Other Adverse Effects Induced by Aristolochic Acids

Besides UTUC, AA-mutational signatures have also been detected in other types of cancer, which indicates that AAs also display carcinogenic potentials in other organs (Rosenquist and Grollman, 2016). Clinically, patients with hepatitis B virus infection are presumed to have a higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma if they consume AA-containing herbs (Chen et al., 2018). Genomic heterogeneity analyses provide strong evidence that AAs potentially contribute to the development of liver cancer (Poon et al., 2013; Lin et al., 2017). Recently, a specific mutational signature of AA exposure has been exhibited in whole exome sequencing of hepatocellular carcinomas, suggesting a plausible conclusion that AAs and their derivatives might be one of the culprits triggering liver cancer in Asia (Totoki et al., 2014; Letouze et al., 2017; Ng et al., 2017; Nault and Letouze, 2019). AAs can also affect the initiation and/or progression of renal cell carcinoma (Scelo et al., 2014; Jelakovic et al., 2015a; Hoang et al., 2016) or bladder urothelial tumor (Lemy et al., 2008; Poon et al., 2015; Sun et al., 2015).

More carcinogenic potentials and/or toxic effects of AAs are explored in animal studies. High risk of tumor occurrence in the fore-stomach, ear duct, small intestine, kidney, urothelial tract, liver, bladder, and/or subcutaneous regions were observed in mice, rats, and/or canines after AA administration (Mengs, 1982; Mengs, 1988; Schmeiser et al., 1990; Wang et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2018b; Jin et al., 2016). Renal toxicity of AAs is observed in both mice and rats after repeat dose (Mengs, 1987; Mengs and Stotzem, 1993). Furthermore, aristolochic acid I (AAI)-induced gastrotoxicity characterized by fore-stomach damage presents prior to renal injury (Pu et al., 2016). In addition, AAI could induce apoptotic cell death in the ovaries and testis of mice and cause severe reduction of organ size and weight (Kwak et al., 2014; Kwak and Lee, 2016).

Toxicological Properties of Aristolochic Acids

Mutational Signature of Aristolochic Acids

As mentioned above, AAs are conversed to reactive intermediates (aristolactam nitrenium ion) and bind to purines in DNA to form covalent DNA adducts. The adducts of AAs with DNA are highly persistent in human tissues (Schmeiser et al., 2014) due to the lack of recognition and/or processing by global genome nucleotide excision repair (Lukin et al., 2012; Sidorenko et al., 2012). Without effective DNA repair, predominant A→T transversions enriched on the nontranscribed gene strand in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene could form in high frequency (Moriya et al., 2011; Hoang et al., 2013). The TP53 mutations and formation of AA-derived DNA adducts are considered as biomarkers for the assessment of AA exposure (Slade et al., 2009; Stiborova et al., 2017). Mutated base adenine accounts for more than half of the mutational spectra detected in the specimens of AAN and AA-induced UTUC patients (Lord et al., 2004; Chen et al., 2012; Jelakovic et al., 2012; Hoang et al., 2013; Castells et al., 2015). Besides A→T transversions, C→T transversions also occur in a high frequency. Multiple mutations are mainly found in the TP53 hotspot region of exons 5–8, as well as exons 4 and 10 (Moriya et al., 2011; Aydin et al., 2017). In animal studies, A→T transversions were observed in the activating positions in H-ras of rats treated with AAs (Wang et al., 2011). Further, RNAs modified by AAs were at much higher frequencies than DNA (Leung and Chan, 2015).

Biotransformation of Aristolochic Acids

In phase I biotransformation reaction, AAs are first transformed to N-hydroxyaristolactams (AL-NOHs) through nitroreduction reaction. After that, they are converted to aristolactam-nitrenium, which is an electrophilic cyclic aristolactam-nitrenium ion with delocalized positive charges. They preferentially bind to the exocyclic amino groups of purine bases in DNA to form AA-DNA adducts. These adducts can lead to A→T transversions and elicit renal disease and cancers (Stiborova et al., 2008b; Stiborova et al., 2008c). Both microsomal and cytosolic phase I enzymes participate in catalyzing the activation of AAs to form AA-DNA adducts consisting of 7-(deoxyadenosin-N⁶-yl) aristolactam I (dA-AAI), 7-(deoxyguanosin-N²-yl) aristolactam I (dG-AAI), 7-(deoxyadenosin-N⁶-yl) aristolactam II (dA-AAII), and 7-(deoxyguanosin-N²-yl) aristolactam II (dG-AAII) (Stiborova et al., 2005; Stiborova et al., 2008a), in which dA-AAI and dA-AAII persist for an exceptionally long time in the lesions (Lukin et al., 2012; Schmeiser et al., 2014). The dA adducts are also significantly more mutagenic than the dG adducts (Attaluri et al., 2010). According to the results from in vitro studies, among the cytosolic reductases, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) plays the most important role in activation of AAs in the liver and kidney. In human renal microsomes, NADPH : CYP reductase (CPR) is proven to be more effective in activating AAs, and prostaglandin H synthase (cyclooxygenase, COX) is also involved in the reductive reaction. In human hepatic microsomes, CYP1A2 contributes maximum in the process, while CYP1A1 exhibits lesser effects and CPR plays a minor role (Stiborova et al., 2005; Stiborova et al., 2008a). Currently, the roles of the hydroxyl group on amino acids present in the active center of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 on nitroreduction of AAs have been verified using a site-directed mutagenesis approach (Milichovsky et al., 2016). It is assumed that the genes of enzymes existing in variant forms or showing polymorphisms may be one of the factors affecting the individual’s susceptibility to AAs (Stiborova et al., 2008a). Additionally, phase II metabolisms formed by sulfation are reported to readily produce AA-DNA adducts (Sidorenko et al., 2014). It has been predicted that following reductive reactions, AL-NOHs may serve as substrates for sulfotransferases (SULTs) and convert them to N-sulfated esters, which react more efficiently with DNA (Sidorenko et al., 2014; Hashimoto et al., 2016). Among the SULTs tested, SULT1A1 and SULT1B1 displayed more activity than the other subtypes (Meinl et al., 2006; Sidorenko et al., 2014). The sulfate conjugates could be transported out of the liver via MRP membrane transporters and transferred into the kidney via organic anionic transporters (OAT), thereby inducing kidney damage (Chang et al., 2017). However, conflicting results have been observed in some other studies (Stiborova et al., 2011; Arlt et al., 2017) (Figure 2).

Figure 2

On the other hand, detoxification of AAI happens at the same time when it exerts mutagenic and cytotoxic potentials. Some studies have mentioned that N-hydroxyaristolactam I could also competitively rearrange to 7-hydroxyaristolactam I or further reductive production of aristolactam I (ALI) (Stiborova et al., 2008b; Stiborova et al., 2008c), which shows a lower capacity to form AAI-DNA adducts (Dong et al., 2006). In addition, oxidation of AAI to a lesser toxic 8-hydroxyaristolochic acid I (aristolochic acid Ia, AAIa) is also suggested to be a detoxifying pathway of AAI (Stiborova et al., 2008b; Stiborova et al., 2008c). The O-demethylated metabolites of AAI, conjugated metabolites of AAIa, are found to be excreted in the urine of AA-treated rats (Chan et al., 2007). Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450, especially CYP1A subfamily (CYP1A1 and CYP1A2), has been found to play a critical role in suppressing the carcinogenic and nephrotoxic effects of AAI (Xiao et al., 2008; Stiborova et al., 2009; Rosenquist et al., 2010; Stiborova et al., 2012; Stiborova et al., 2015; Dracinska et al., 2016). Therefore, the CYP1A1 and 1A2 play a dual role by partly regulating the balance between reductive activation and oxidative detoxification of AAI (Figure 3). However, the analogical mechanism has not been observed in AAII yet because AAII shows much lower amenability to oxidation than AAI (Martinek et al., 2017).

Figure 3

Specific Organic Anion Transporters for Aristolochic Acids

The nephrotoxic damage of AAs selectively targets the proximal tubules, indicating that the toxins may specifically accumulate in these tissues. The proximal tubules take charge in the secretion and reabsorption of xenobiotics or their metabolites through several particular transporters. OAT family, a group of multispecific membrane transport proteins, contributes to the renal handling of negatively charged drugs and other organic compounds. Indeed, AAI as a low molecular weight organic anion with an anionic carboxyl group and a hydrophobic part possesses the chemical characteristics of a substrate for OAT. OAT family is, therefore, considered to be one of the pivotal determinants mediating the accumulation of AAI into the renal proximal tubules (Dickman et al., 2011). Many investigations have verified OATs, especially OAT1 and OAT3, in the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubules facilitating the uptake of AAI by renal cells, which at least partly lead to site-selective AAI-induced nephrotoxicity (Bakhiya et al., 2009; Dickman et al., 2011; Xue et al., 2011; Baudoux et al., 2012). In addition, the phase II metabolite of AAI, sulfate-conjugated AL-I (sulfonyloxyaristolactam, AL-I-NOSO₃) is reported to be transported into kidney via OAT1, OAT3, and OAT4 (Chang et al., 2017).

Other Mechanisms Involved in Aristolochic Acid-Induced Adverse Reactions

The chemical structures of AAs are considered as critical determinants of their toxic effects. According to the current knowledge, AAI is solely responsible for nephrotoxicity (Shibutani et al., 2007) and has more cytotoxicity than AAII (Balachandran et al., 2005). On the other hand, AAII may show higher or similar genotoxic and carcinogenic potentials as AAI (Shibutani et al., 2007; Xing et al., 2012). In reductive reactions, NQO1 is more effective in activating of AAI than AAII (Martinek et al., 2011), and the extent of AAI-DNA adducts is much higher than that of AAII-DNA adducts in most in vitro enzymatic systems (Schmeiser et al., 1997). During phase II metabolism, ALI-DNA adducts are also formed more efficiently than ALII-DNA adducts in SULT1B1 (Sidorenko et al., 2014). In addition, similar CYP-mediated oxidative detoxification reactions of AAI are not observed in AAII (Martinek et al., 2017). The difference on enzymatic conversion of AAI and AAII is considered to relate to their chemical structures.

In recent years, more than 30 microRNAs differentially expressed in patients exposed to AAs have been explored, which might improve the understanding of the pathogenesis of AA-related renal disease and cancer. It has been speculated that FGFR3, Akt, mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis, ECM receptor interaction pathways, and other biological mechanisms might be involved in the occurrences of AAN, BEN, and/or AA-induced UTUC (Tao et al., 2015; Lv et al., 2016; Popovska-Jankovic et al., 2016). Meanwhile, 15% of the 417 detectable miRNAs have been found to be altered by AAs in rats (Li et al., 2015). During exome sequencing of genes in DNA samples from BEN patients, possible deleterious/damaging variants—CELA1, HSPG2, and KCNK5—are detected. These genes could encode proteins connected to the process of angiogenesis (Toncheva et al., 2014), which is tightly correlated with BEN and UTUC (Jankovic-Velickovic et al., 2012).

Some studies have focused on the contributions of innate and adaptive immunity in the progression of AAN (Sato et al., 2004; Pozdzik et al., 2010). In the kidney specimens, interstitial inflammatory infiltration is dramatically observed in the tubulointerstitial lesions, and massive infiltration of macrophages and T and B lymphocytes is demonstrated in the medullary rays and outer medullae, implying the onset of immune response (Pozdzik et al., 2010). Animal study has suggested that AAs increase the proportion of myeloid CD11b^highF4/80^mid and decrease their counterpart. CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells could provide protection against AA-induced acute tubular necrosis (Baudoux et al., 2018). However, this view is still debatable as AAI is also reported to damage the epithelial cells lining the proximal renal tubule due to direct toxic effects instead of immune actions (Yi et al., 2018).

Meanwhile, AAs could cause increased oxidative stress leading to impaired renal function. AAI elicits oxidative stress-related DNA damage through depleting antioxidant glutathione in the human renal proximal tubular cells (Yu et al., 2011a; Yu et al., 2011b) and induces increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tubular apoptosis via decreasing nitric oxide availability in mice (Decleves et al., 2016).

Inflammatory and fibrotic pathways and dynamic changes in fatty acid, phospholipid, and glycerolipid metabolisms are all linked to AAN (Zhao et al., 2015). Additionally, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-related signaling pathways are considered to be associated with nephrotoxicity and reproductive toxicity of AAI. AAI could upregulate the expression of phospho-ERK1/2 in cells, which contributes to ROS generation (Yu et al., 2011a; Yu et al., 2011b). AAs also activate JNK signaling pathway and elicit the overexpression of TGF-1, which is critically involved in the pathogenesis of AAN (Rui et al., 2012). Interestingly, some other studies have described that AAI inhibits Akt and/or ERK1/2 phosphorylation, impedes relevant apoptosis, and causes severe injury resulting in the development of ovarian and testis in mice (Kwak et al., 2014; Kwak and Lee, 2016; Yu et al., 2011b). Besides, NFκb, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and cell cycle signaling are also modulated in the kidneys of AA-treated mice (Arlt et al., 2011). In addition, the loss of functional TASK-2 channels may indirectly increase the susceptibility to the toxic effects of AAs (Veale and Mathie, 2016). The decrease in pro-apoptotic protein Bax can predict the development of AA-induced UTUC (Jankovic-Velickovic et al., 2011).

Conclusion

AAs have been recognized as a group of potent nephrotoxin and carcinogen. The consumption of AA-containing foods can cause permanent kidney injury, end-stage renal disease, and even UTUC. AA-derived DNA adducts are recognized as specific biomarkers for the assessment of AA exposure. A characteristically mutational signature of A→T transversions observed in the tumor tissues also implies the exposure of AAs. So far, the underlying etiological mechanisms of AA-induced renal disease and UTUC have been preliminarily revealed, although the detailed mechanisms are far from being completely understood. In addition, various enzymes, organic anion transporters, and molecular mechanisms might be involved in AA-induced damages. Therapy for AAN and AA-induced UTUC remains a serious challenge. AA-related adverse events are still widely reported, especially in the Asian and Balkan regions. AAs have now been listed as group I carcinogen by IARC (IARC, 2002; IARC, 2012). The US Food and Drug Administration and regulatory authorities of some other countries have issued alerts against the use and import of products containing AAs (Zhang et al., 2019). However, in China and some countries, products containing herb preparations from Aristolochia and Asarum are still used, and food contaminated by AAs cause health problems in some countries (Ioset et al., 2003; Wooltorton, 2004; Hsieh et al., 2008; Michl et al., 2013; Ardalan et al., 2015; Cachet et al., 2016; Abdullah et al., 2017). Therefore, the use of AA-containing herbal medications and consumption of food contaminated by AAs may still impose high risk, and hence, more strict precautions should be taken to protect the public from AA exposure.

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the National Science and Technology Major Project (2015ZX09501004-003-001 and 2018ZX09101002-003), Beijing Science and Technology Projects (Z151100000115012 and Z161100004916025), and China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Foundation (ZZ10-025 and ZZ12-001).

References

• 1

  Abdullah R. Diaz L. N. Wesseling S. Rietjens I. M. (2017). Risk assessment of plant food supplements and other herbal products containing aristolochic acids using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach. Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess.34 (2), 135–144. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1266098

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 2

  Ardalan M. R. Khodaie L. Nasri H. Jouyban A. (2015). Herbs and hazards: risk of aristolochic acid nephropathy in Iran. Iran J. Kidney Dis.9 (1), 14–17. doi: http://dx.doi.org/

  • Google Scholar

• 3

  Arlt V. M. Ferluga D. Stiborova M. Pfohl-Leszkowicz A. Vukelic M. Ceovic S. et al . (2002). Is aristolochic acid a risk factor for Balkan endemic nephropathy-associated urothelial cancer? Int. J. Cancer101 (5), 500–502. doi: 10.1002/ijc.10602

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 4

  Arlt V. M. Meinl W. Florian S. Nagy E. Barta F. Thomann M. et al . (2017). Impact of genetic modulation of SULT1A enzymes on DNA adduct formation by aristolochic acids and 3-nitrobenzanthrone. Arch. Toxicol.91 (4), 1957–1975. doi: 10.1007/s00204-016-1808-6

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 5

  Arlt V. M. Stiborova M. Brocke J. Simoes M. L. Lord G. M. Nortier J. L. et al . (2007). Aristolochic acid mutagenesis: molecular clues to the aetiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy-associated urothelial cancer. Carcinogenesis28 (11), 2253–2261. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgm082

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 6

  Arlt V. M. Zuo J. Trenz K. Roufosse C. A. Lord G. M. Nortier J. L. et al . (2011). Gene expression changes induced by the human carcinogen aristolochic acid I in renal and hepatic tissue of mice. Int. J. Cancer128 (1), 21–32. doi: 10.1002/ijc.25324

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 7

  Attaluri S. R. Bonala R. Yang I. Y. Lukin M. A. Wen Y. Grollman A. P. et al . (2010). DNA adducts of aristolochic acid II: total synthesis and site-specific mutagenesis studies in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res.38 (1), 339–352. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp815

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 8

  Aydin S. Ambroise J. Cosyns J. P. Gala J. L. (2017). TP53 mutations in p53-negative dysplastic urothelial cells from Belgian AAN patients: new evidence for aristolochic acid-induced molecular pathogenesis and carcinogenesis. Mutat. Res.818, 17–26. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2017.03.003

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 9

  Aydin S. Dekairelle A. F. Ambroise J. Durant J. F. Heusterspreute M. Guiot Y. et al . (2014). Unambiguous detection of multiple TP53 gene mutations in AAN-associated urothelial cancer in Belgium using laser capture microdissection. PLoS One9 (9), e106301. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106301

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 10

  Bakhiya N. Arlt V. M. Bahn A. Burckhardt G. Phillips D. H. Glatt H. (2009). Molecular evidence for an involvement of organic anion transporters (OATs) in aristolochic acid nephropathy. Toxicology264 (1–2), 74–79. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.07.014

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 11

  Balachandran P. Wei F. Lin R. C. Khan I. A. Pasco D. S. (2005). Structure activity relationships of aristolochic acid analogues: toxicity in cultured renal epithelial cells. Kidney Int.67 (5), 1797–1805. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00277.x

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 12

  Bamias G. Boletis J. (2008). Balkan nephropathy: evolution of our knowledge. Am. J. Kidney Dis.52 (3), 606–616. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.05.024

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 13

  Ban T. H. Min J. W. Seo C. Kim D. R. Lee Y. H. Chung B. H. et al . (2018). Update of aristolochic acid nephropathy in Korea. Korean J. Intern. Med.33 (5), 961–969. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2016.288

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 14

  Baudoux T. Husson C. De Prez E. Jadot I. Antoine M. H. Nortier J. L. et al . (2018). CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells exert regulatory properties during experimental acute aristolochic acid nephropathy. Sci. Rep.8 (1), 5334. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23565-2

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 15

  Baudoux T. E. Pozdzik A. A. Arlt V. M. De Prez E. G. Antoine M. H. Quellard N. et al . (2012). Probenecid prevents acute tubular necrosis in a mouse model of aristolochic acid nephropathy. Kidney Int.82 (10), 1105–1113. doi: 10.1038/ki.2012.264

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 16

  Bhattacharjee P. Bera I. Chakraborty S. Ghoshal N. Bhattacharyya D. (2017). Aristolochic acid and its derivatives as inhibitors of snake venom L-amino acid oxidase. Toxicon138, 1–17. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.08.003

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 17

  Bui-Klimke T. Wu F. (2014). Evaluating weight of evidence in the mystery of Balkan endemic nephropathy. Risk Anal.34 (9), 1688–1705. doi: 10.1111/risa.12239

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 18

  Cachet X. Langrand J. Bottai C. Dufat H. Locatelli-Jouans C. Nossin E. et al . (2016). Detection of aristolochic acids I and II in “Chiniy-tref”, a traditional medicinal preparation containing caterpillars feeding on Aristolochia trilobata L. Toxicon114, 28–30. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.02.013

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 19

  Castells X. Karanovic S. Ardin M. Tomic K. Xylinas E. Durand G. et al . (2015). Low-coverage exome sequencing screen in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumors reveals evidence of exposure to carcinogenic aristolochic acid. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.24 (12), 1873–1881. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-0553

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 20

  Chan W. Luo H. B. Zheng Y. Cheng Y. K. Cai Z. (2007). Investigation of the metabolism and reductive activation of carcinogenic aristolochic acids in rats. Drug Metab. Dispos.35 (6), 866–874. doi: 10.1124/dmd.106.013979

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 21

  Chan W. Pavlovic N. M. Li W. Chan C. K. Liu J. Deng K. et al . (2016). Quantitation of aristolochic acids in corn, wheat grain, and soil samples collected in serbia: identifying a novel exposure pathway in the etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy. J. Agric. Food Chem.64 (29), 5928–5934. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02203

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 22

  Chang S. Y. Weber E. J. Sidorenko V. S. Chapron A. Yeung C. K. Gao C. et al . (2017). Human liver-kidney model elucidates the mechanisms of aristolochic acid nephrotoxicity. JCI Insight2 (22). doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.95978

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 23

  Chen C. H. Dickman K. G. Huang C. Y. Moriya M. Shun C. T. Tai H. C. et al . (2013). Aristolochic acid-induced upper tract urothelial carcinoma in Taiwan: clinical characteristics and outcomes. Int. J. Cancer133 (1), 14–20. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28013

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 24

  Chen C. H. Dickman K. G. Moriya M. Zavadil J. Sidorenko V. S. Edwards K. L. et al . (2012). Aristolochic acid-associated urothelial cancer in Taiwan. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.109 (21), 8241–8246. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1119920109

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 25

  Chen C. J. Yang Y. H. Lin M. H. Lee C. P. Tsan Y. T. Lai M. N. et al . (2018). Herbal medicine containing aristolochic acid and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis B virus infection. Int. J. Cancer. doi: 10.1002/ijc.31544

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 26

  Chen L. Xie B. (2004). Determination of the contents of aristolochic acid in Ganluxiaodu Pills by RP-HPLC. J. Zhejiang Chin. Med. Univ.28 (2), 73–74. doi: 10.16466/j.issn1005-5509.2004.02.045

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 27

  Chen J. Li Y. Meng S. Guo M. (2007). Determination of aristolochic acid in Xinmazhike Granules. Lishizhen Med. Mater. Med. Res.18 (11), 2725–2726. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-0805.2007.11.068

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 28

  Chen Y. (2003). Determination of the contents of aristolochic acid A in Zhushalian Capsule by HPLC. J. Chongqing Med. Univ.28 (1), 84–86. doi: 10.13406/j.cnki.cyxb.2003.01.027

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 29

  Chen Y. Hang Z. Liu Y. Liu Y. Liu Q. Yi J. (2009). Analysis of aristolochic acid A in Ershiwuweiluronghao Pills. Chin. J. Pharm. Anal.29 (9), 1458–1461. doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2009.09.006

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 30

  Colin P. Koenig P. Ouzzane A. Berthon N. Villers A. Biserte J. et al . (2009). Environmental factors involved in carcinogenesis of urothelial cell carcinomas of the upper urinary tract. BJU Int.104 (10), 1436–1440. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08838.x

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 31

  Cosyns J. P. Jadoul M. Squifflet J. P. De Plaen J. F. Ferluga D. van Ypersele de Strihou C. (1994a). Chinese herbs nephropathy: a clue to Balkan endemic nephropathy? Kidney Int.45 (6), 1680–1688. doi: 10.1038/ki.1994.220

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 32

  Cosyns J. P. Jadoul M. Squifflet J. P. Van Cangh P. J. van Ypersele de Strihou C. (1994b). Urothelial malignancy in nephropathy due to Chinese herbs. Lancet344 (8916), 188. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92786-3

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 33

  Cosyns J. P. Jadoul M. Squifflet J. P. Wese F. X. van Ypersele de Strihou C. (1999). Urothelial lesions in Chinese-herb nephropathy. Am. J. Kidney Dis.33 (6), 1011–1017. doi: 10.1016/S0272-6386(99)70136-8

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 34

  De Broe M. E. (2012). Chinese herbs nephropathy and Balkan endemic nephropathy: toward a single entity, aristolochic acid nephropathy. Kidney Int.81 (6), 513–515. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.428

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 35

  de Jonge H. Vanrenterghem Y. (2008). Aristolochic acid: the common culprit of Chinese herbs nephropathy and Balkan endemic nephropathy. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.23 (1), 39–41. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfm667

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 36

  Debelle F. D. Vanherweghem J. L. Nortier J. L. (2008). Aristolochic acid nephropathy: a worldwide problem. Kidney Int.74 (2), 158–169. doi: 10.1038/ki.2008.129

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 37

  Decleves A. E. Jadot I. Colombaro V. Martin B. Voisin V. Nortier J. et al . (2016). Protective effect of nitric oxide in aristolochic acid-induced toxic acute kidney injury: an old friend with new assets. Exp. Physiol.101 (1), 193–206. doi: 10.1113/EP085333

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 38

  Depierreux M. Van Damme B. Vanden Houte K. Vanherweghem J. L. (1994). Pathologic aspects of a newly described nephropathy related to the prolonged use of Chinese herbs. Am. J. Kidney Dis.24 (2), 172–180. doi: 10.1016/S0272-6386(12)80178-8

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 39

  Dickman K. G. Sweet D. H. Bonala R. Ray T. Wu A. (2011). Physiological and molecular characterization of aristolochic acid transport by the kidney. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.338 (2), 588–597. doi: 10.1124/jpet.111.180984

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 40

  Ding H. Shen J. Fei W. Qian Y. Xie T. Liu Q. (2018). Determination of aristolochic acid A, B, C, D in aristolochia herbs by UPLC-MS/MS. Chin. J. Ethnomed. Ethnopharmacy27 (18), 38–43.

  • Google Scholar

• 41

  Dong H. Suzuki N. Torres M. C. Bonala R. R. Johnson F. Grollman A. P. et al . (2006). Quantitative determination of aristolochic acid-derived DNA adducts in rats using 32P-postlabeling/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. Drug Metab. Dispos.34 (7), 1122–1127. doi: 10.1124/dmd.105.008706

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 42

  Dong S. Shang M. Wang X. Zhang S. Li C. Cai S. (2009). Chemical constituents isolated from Saruma henryi. J. Chin. Pharm. Sci.18 (2), 146–150.

  • Google Scholar

• 43

  Dracinska H. Barta F. Levova K. Hudecova A. Moserova M. Schmeiser H. H. et al . (2016). Induction of cytochromes P450 1A1 and 1A2 suppresses formation of DNA adducts by carcinogenic aristolochic acid I in rats in vivo. Toxicology, 344–346, 7–18. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.01.011

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 44

  Gan S. Han T. Liu H. Shi X. Wu C. (2013). Determination of aristolochic acid A in Qingxueneixiao Pills by LC-MS-MS. Chin. J. Exp. Tradit. Med. Formulae19 (16), 163–167. doi: 10.11653/syfj2013160163

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 45

  Ge X. Zhang Y. Cai X. Wu C. Wang H. (2010). Limit test for aristolochic acid A in Xinqin Granules by HPLC. Chin. J. Pharm.41 (8), 604–606.

  • Google Scholar

• 46

  Gokmen M. R. Cosyns J. P. Arlt V. M. Stiborova M. Phillips D. H. Schmeiser H. H. et al . (2013). The epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of aristolochic acid nephropathy: a narrative review. Ann. Int. Med.158 (6), 469–477. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-158-6-201303190-00006

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 47

  Gold L. S. Slone T. H. (2003). Aristolochic acid, an herbal carcinogen, sold on the web after FDA alert. N. Engl. J. Med.349 (16), 1576–1577. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200310163491619

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 48

  Grollman A. P. (2013). Aristolochic acid nephropathy: harbinger of a global iatrogenic disease. Environ. Mol. Mutagen.54 (1), 1–7. doi: 10.1002/em.21756

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 49

  Grollman A. P. Shibutani S. Moriya M. Miller F. Wu L. Moll U. et al . (2007). Aristolochic acid and the etiology of endemic (Balkan) nephropathy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.104 (29), 12129–12134. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0701248104

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 50

  Gruia A. T. Oprean C. Ivan A. Cean A. Cristea M. Draghia L. et al . (2018). Balkan endemic nephropathy and aristolochic acid I: an investigation into the role of soil and soil organic matter contamination, as a potential natural exposure pathway. Environ. Geochem. Health40 (4), 1437–1448. doi: 10.1007/s10653-017-0065-9

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 51

  Guan W. Li X. Xiao J. (2005). Determination of the contents of aristolochic acid in Asari Radix et Rhizoma and its preparations by reversible high performance liquid chromatography. Chin. Remedies Clinics5 (4), 283–285. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2560.2005.04.013

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 52

  Han N. Lu J. Bi K. Du X. Zhou Y. Zhou J. (2008). Assaying of aristolochic acid A in 14 traditional Chinese medicines by RP-HPLC. J. Shenyang Pharm. Univ.25 (2), 115–118. doi: 10.14066/j.cnki.cn21-1349/r.2008.02.005

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 53

  Hashimoto K. Higuchi M. Makino B. Sakakibara I. Kubo M. Komatsu Y. et al . (1998). Quantitative analysis of aristolochic acids, toxic compounds, contained in some medicinal plants. J. Ethnopharmacol.64 (1999), 185–189. doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00123-8

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 54

  Hashimoto K. Higuchi M. Fau-Makino B. Makino B. Fau-Sakakibara I. Sakakibara I Fau-Kubo M. Kubo M Fau-Komatsu Y. Komatsu Y Fau-Maruno M. et al . (1999). Quantitative analysis of aristolochic acids, toxic compounds, contained in some medicinal plants. J. Ethnopharmacol.64 (2), 185–189. doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00123-8

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 55

  Hashimoto K. Zaitseva I. N. Bonala R. Attaluri S. Ozga K. Iden C. R. et al . (2016). Sulfotransferase-1A1-dependent bioactivation of aristolochic acid I and N-hydroxyaristolactam I in human cells. Carcinogenesis37 (7), 647–655. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgw045

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 56

  He S. Tang X. Sang T. Zhao X. Xie T. (2013). Content determination of aristolochic acid A in Xiaozhongzhitong Tincture by LC-MS/MS. China Pharmacy24 (20), 1907–1909. doi: 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2013.20.31

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 57

  Heinrich M. Chan J. Wanke S. Neinhuis C. Simmonds M. S. (2009). Local uses of Aristolochia species and content of nephrotoxic aristolochic acid 1 and 2-a global assessment based on bibliographic sources. J. Ethnopharmacol.125 (1), 108–144. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.05.028

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 58

  Hoang M. L. Chen C. H. Chen P. C. Roberts N. J. Dickman K. G. Yun B. H. et al . (2016). Aristolochic acid in the etiology of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.25 (12), 1600–1608. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0219

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 59

  Hoang M. L. Chen C. H. Sidorenko V. S. He J. Dickman K. G. Yun B. H. et al . (2013). Mutational signature of aristolochic acid exposure as revealed by whole-exome sequencing. Sci. Transl. Med.5 (197), 197ra102. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006200

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 60

  Hranjec T. Kovac A. Kos J. Mao W. Chen J. J. Grollman A. P. et al . (2005). Endemic nephropathy: the case for chronic poisoning by aristolochia. Croat Med. J.46 (1), 116–125. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.1040752

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 61

  Hsieh S. C. Lin I. H. Tseng W. L. Lee C. H. Wang J. D. (2008). Prescription profile of potentially aristolochic acid containing Chinese herbal products: an analysis of National Health Insurance data in Taiwan between 1997 and 2003. Chin. Med.3, 13. doi: 10.1186/1749-8546-3-13

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 62

  Hu S. L. Zhang H. Q. Chan K. Mei Q. X. (2004). Studies on the toxicity of Aristolochia manshuriensis (Guanmuton). Toxicology198 (1–3), 195–201. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.01.026

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 63

  Huang K. Zhu X. (2015). Determination of aristolochic acid I in Liujingtoutong Tablet by SPE-HPLC. Tianjin Pharmacy27 (5), 9–11. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-5687.2015.05.003

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 64

  Huang Q. Zheng W. Chi Z. Lin G. (2009). Limit detection of aristolochic acid A in Jiangusujin Tablet by HPLC. Strait Pharm. J.21 (11), 74–75. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-3765.2009.11.033

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 65

  IARC (2002). Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum.82, 1–556.

  • Google Scholar

• 66

  IARC (2012). Pharmaceuticals. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum.100 (Pt A), 1–401.

  • Google Scholar

• 67

  Ioset J. R. Raoelison G. E. Hostettmann K. (2003). Detection of aristolochic acid in Chinese phytomedicines and dietary supplements used as slimming regimens. Food Chem. Toxicol.41 (1), 29–36. doi: 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00219-3

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 68

  Ivic M. (1969). Etiology of endemic nephropathy. Lijec. Vjesn.91 (12), 1273–1281.

  • Google Scholar

• 69

  Jadot I. Decleves A. E. Nortier J. Caron N. (2017). An Integrated view of aristolochic acid nephropathy: update of the literature. Int. J. Mol. Sci.18 (2). doi: 10.3390/ijms18020297

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 70

  Jankovic-Velickovic L. Stojnev S. Ristic-Petrovic A. Dolicanin Z. Hattori T. Mukaisho K. et al . (2011). Pro- and antiapoptotic markers in upper tract urothelial carcinoma associated with Balkan endemic nephropathy. Sci. World J.11, 1699–1711. doi: 10.1100/2011/752790

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 71

  Jankovic-Velickovic L. Ristic-Petrovic A. Stojnev S. Dolicanin Z. Hattori T. Sugihara H. et al . (2012). Angiogenesis in upper tract urothelial carcinoma associated with Balkan endemic nephropathy. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol.5 (7), 674–683. doi: 10.5114/fn.2012.30530

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 72

  Jelakovic B. Castells X. Tomic K. Ardin M. Karanovic S. Zavadil J. (2015a). Renal cell carcinomas of chronic kidney disease patients harbor the mutational signature of carcinogenic aristolochic acid. Int. J. Cancer136 (12), 2967–2972. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29338

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 73

  Jelakovic B. Karanovic S. Vukovic-Lela I. Miller F. Edwards K. L. Nikolic J. et al . (2012). Aristolactam-DNA adducts in the renal cortex: biomarker of environmental exposure to aristolochic acid. Kidney Int.81 (6), 559–567. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.371

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 74

  Jelakovic B. Nikolic J. Radovanovic Z. Nortier J. Cosyns J. P. Grollman A. P. et al . (2014). Consensus statement on screening, diagnosis, classification and treatment of endemic (Balkan) nephropathy. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.29 (11), 2020–2027. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gft384

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 75

  Jelakovic B. Vukovic Lela I. Karanovic S. Dika Z. Kos J. Dickman K. et al . (2015b). Chronic dietary exposure to aristolochic acid and kidney function in native farmers from a Croatian endemic area and Bosnian immigrants. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.10 (2), 215–223. doi: 10.2215/CJN.03190314

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 76

  Jia W. Zhao A. Gao W. Chen M. Xiao P. (2005). New perspectives on the Chinese herbal nephropathy. Phytother. Res.19 (11), 1001–1002. doi: 10.1002/ptr.1676

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 77

  Jiang Y. Hu L. Hao F. (2007). Determination of the contents of cinnamic acid and aristolochic acid A in two Guanxinsuhe Pills by RP-HPLC. Chin. Traditional Patent Med.29 (4), 599–601. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1528.2007.04.048

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 78

  Jin K. Su K. K. Li T. Zhu X. Q. Wang Q. Ge R. S. et al . (2016). Hepatic premalignant alterations triggered by human nephrotoxin aristolochic acid I in canines. Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila)9 (4), 324–334. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-15-0339

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 79

  Jou J. H. Li C. Y. Schelonka E. P. Lin C. H. Wu T. S. (2004). Analysis of the analogues of aristolochic acid and aristolactam in the plant of Aristolochia genus by HPLC. J. Food Drug Anal.12 (1), 40–45. doi: 10.1016/j.jcs.2003.11.005

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 80

  Jou J. H. Chen S. Wu T. S. (2003). Facile reversed-phase HPLC resolution and quantitative determination of aristolochic acid and aristolactam analogues in traditional Chinese medicine. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol.26 (18), 3057–3068. doi: 10.1081/JLC-120025422

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 81

  Kabanda A. Jadoul M. Lauwerys R. Bernard A. van Ypersele de Strihou C. (1995). Low molecular weight proteinuria in Chinese herbs nephropathy. Kidney Int.48 (5), 1571–1576. doi: 10.1038/ki.1995.449

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 82

  Kang D. Li T. (2008). Determination the content of aristolochic acid A in Hanshibi Granules by HPLC. China Med. Her.5 (33), 17–18. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-7210.2008.33.011

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 83

  Kong D. Gao H. Li X. Lu J. Dan Y. (2015). Rapid determination of eight aristolochic acid analogues in five Aristolochiaceae plants by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Chin. Pharm. Sci.24 (6), 364–375. doi: 10.5246/jcps.2015.06.047

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 84

  Krell D. Stebbing J. (2013). Aristolochia: the malignant truth. Lancet Oncol.14 (1), 25–26. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70596-X

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 85

  Kuo C. H. Lee C. W. Lin S. C. Tsai I. L. Lee S. S. Tseng Y. J. et al . (2010). Rapid determination of aristolochic acids I and II in herbal products and biological samples by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta80 (5), 1672–1680. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2009.10.003

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 86

  Kuo P. C. Li Y. C. Wu T. S. (2012). Chemical constituents and pharmacology of the Aristolochia (madou ling) species. J. Tradit. Complement Med.2 (4), 249–266. doi: 10.1016/S2225-4110(16)30111-0

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 87

  Kwak D. H. Lee S. (2016). Aristolochic acid I causes testis toxicity by inhibiting Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Chem. Res. Toxicol.29 (1), 117–124. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00467

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 88

  Kwak D. H. Park J. H. Lee H. S. Moon J. S. Lee S. (2014). Aristolochic acid I induces ovarian toxicity by inhibition of Akt phosphorylation. Chem. Res. Toxicol.27 (12), 2128–2135. doi: 10.1021/tx5003854

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 89

  Lemy A. Wissing K. M. Rorive S. Zlotta A. Roumeguere T. Muniz Martinez M. C. et al . (2008). Late onset of bladder urothelial carcinoma after kidney transplantation for end-stage aristolochic acid nephropathy: a case series with 15-year follow-up. Am. J. Kidney Dis.51 (3), 471–477. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.11.015

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 90

  Letouze E. Shinde J. Renault V. Couchy G. Blanc J. F. Tubacher E. et al . (2017). Mutational signatures reveal the dynamic interplay of risk factors and cellular processes during liver tumorigenesis. Nat. Commun.8 (1), 1315. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-01358-x

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 91

  Leung E. M. Chan W. (2015). Comparison of DNA and RNA adduct formation: significantly higher levels of RNA than DNA modifications in the internal organs of aristolochic acid-dosed rats. Chem. Res. Toxicol.28 (2), 248–255. doi: 10.1021/tx500423m

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 92

  Li G. Chen S. Wu L. Chen J. Zhang J. Li X. et al . (2017). Determination of aristolochic acid I in traditional Chinese medicine by UPLC-QQQ-MS. Chin. J. Exp. Tradit. Med. Formulae23 (13), 61–65. doi: 10.13422/j.cnki.syfjx.2017130061

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 93

  Li L. Gao H. Wang Z. Wang W. (2006). Determination of aristolochic acid A in Guanxinsuhe Preparations by RP-HPLC. China J. Chin. Mater. Med.31 (2), 122–124. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-5302.2006.02.009

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 94

  Li Q. Liu Y. Chang Y. Wang L. Jia R. Zhao Y. (2009). Qingnaozhitong Capsule of aristolochic acid A limited determination. Spec. Wild Econ. Anim. Plant Res.31 (4), 61–64. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4721.2009.04.021

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 95

  Li W. Han J. Gao J. Liu C. (2007). Determination of aristolochic acid A in Rhizoma Asari and Yangxueqingnao Granules using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Chin. J. Anal. Chem.35 (12), 1798–1800. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-3820.2007.12.025

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 96

  Li W. Hu Q. Chan W. (2016). Uptake and accumulation of nephrotoxic and carcinogenic aristolochic acids in food crops grown in Aristolochia Clematitis-contaminated soil and water. J. Agric. Food Chem.64 (1), 107–112. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05089

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 97

  Li Y. L. Tian M. Yu J. Shang M. Y. Cai S. Q. (2010). Studies on morphology and aristolochic acid analogue constituents of Asarum campaniflorum and a comparison with two official species of Asari radix et rhizoma. J. Nat. Med.64 (4), 442–451. doi: 10.1007/s11418-010-0433-6

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 98

  Li Z. Qin T. Wang K. Hackenberg M. Yan J. Gao Y. et al . (2015). Integrated microRNA, mRNA, and protein expression profiling reveals microRNA regulatory networks in rat kidney treated with a carcinogenic dose of aristolochic acid. BMC Genomics16, 365. doi: 10.1186/s12864-015-1516-2

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 99

  Liang A. Gao Y. Zhang B. (2017). Safety problems and measures of traditional Chinese medicine containing aristolochic acid. China Food Drug Admin. Mag.11, 17–20.

  • Google Scholar

• 100

  Lin D. C. Mayakonda A. Dinh H. Q. Huang P. Lin L. Liu X. et al . (2017). Genomic and epigenomic heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res.77 (9), 2255–2265. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-2822

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 101

  Lin W. Chen X. Liu K. (2014). Determination of aristolochic acid A in Tiaogu Tablets. Asia-Pac. Tradit. Mediine.10 (10), 37–38. doi: 10.1111/ajco.12307

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 102

  Liu C. Chen Y. Zhao X. Gong L. Wang L. (2003). Determination of aristolochic acid A in Aristolochia mollissima Hance by RP-HPLC. Chin. Traditional Herbal Drugs34 (12), 87–89. doi: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2003.12.2003012619

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 103

  Liu F. Li Z. Nie L. Axia A. Yuan R. Wang J. (2015). Determination of aristolochic acids A and heavy metals in Tibetan medicine-Ershiwuweishanhu Pills. J. Tibet Univ.30 (2), 65–70. doi: 10.16249/j.cnki.54-1034/c.2015.02.011

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 104

  Liu L. Cao S. Ji Y. Zhang X. Huang T. (2005). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of aristolochic acids in Chinese materia medica and traditional Chinese patent medicines. Chin. Traditional Patent Med.27 (8), 938–941. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1528.2005.08.025

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 105

  Liu Y. Han S. Feng Q. Wang J. (2011). Determination of aristolochic acids A and B in Chinese herbals and traditional Chinese patent medicines using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Chin. J. Chromatogr.29 (11), 1076–1081. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2011.01076

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 106

  Lord G. M. Cook T. Arlt V. M. Schmeiser H. H. Williams G. Pusey C. D. (2001). Urothelial malignant disease and Chinese herbal nephropathy. Lancet358 (9292), 1515–1516. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06576-X

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 107

  Lord G. M. Hollstein M. Arlt V. M. Roufosse C. Pusey C. D. Cook T. et al . (2004). DNA adducts and p53 mutations in a patient with aristolochic acid-associated nephropathy. Am. J. Kidney Dis.43 (4), e11–17. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2003.11.024

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 108

  Lord G. M. Tagore R. Cook T. Gower P. Pusey C. D. (1999). Nephropathy caused by Chinese herbs in the UK. Lancet354 (9177), 481–482. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)03380-2

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 109

  Lukin M. Zaliznyak T. Johnson F. de los Santos C. (2012). Structure and stability of DNA containing an aristolactam II-dA lesion: implications for the NER recognition of bulky adducts. Nucleic Acids Res.40 (6), 2759–2770. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkr1094

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 110

  Luo Q. (2013). Determination of aristolochic acid A in Ershiwuweishanhu Pill by HPLC. Drug Clinic10 (14), 37–39. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2809.2013.14.010

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 111

  Lv Q. (2015). Limit test of aristolochic acid A in Zhuifengtougu Capsules. Chin. J. Modern Drug Appl.9 (15), 285–286. doi: 10.14164/j.cnki.cn11-5581/r.2015.15.196

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 112

  Lv Y. Que Y. Su Q. Li Q. Chen X. Lu H. (2016). Bioinformatics facilitating the use of microarrays to delineate potential miRNA biomarkers in aristolochic acid nephropathy. Oncotarget7 (32), 52270–52280. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.10586

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 113

  Mao W. W. Gao W. Liang Z. T. Li P. Zhao Z. Z. Li H. J. (2017). Characterization and quantitation of aristolochic acid analogs in different parts of Aristolochiae Fructus, using UHPLCQ/TOF-MS and UHPLC-QQQ-MS. Chin. J. Nat. Med.15 (5), 0392–0400. doi: 10.1016/S1875-5364(17)30060-2

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 114

  Martinek V. Barta F. Hodek P. Frei E. Schmeiser H. H. Arlt V. M. et al . (2017). Comparison of the oxidation of carcinogenic aristolochic acid I and II by microsomal cytochromes P450 in vitro: experimental and theoretical approaches. Monatsh. Chem.148 (11), 1971–1981. doi: 10.1007/s00706-017-2014-9

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 115

  Martinek V. Kubickova B. Arlt V. M. Frei E. Schmeiser H. H. Hudecek J. et al . (2011). Comparison of activation of aristolochic acid I and II with NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase, sulphotransferases and N-acetyltranferases. Neuro. Endocrinol. Lett.32 (Suppl 1), 57–70. doi: 10.3233/VES-2011-0426

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 116

  Meinl W. Pabel U. Osterloh-Quiroz M. Hengstler J. G. Glatt H. (2006). Human sulphotransferases are involved in the activation of aristolochic acids and are expressed in renal target tissue. Int. J. Cancer118 (5), 1090–1097. doi: 10.1002/ijc.21480

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 117

  Mengs U. (1982). The carcinogenic action of aristolochic acid in rats. Arch. Toxicol.51, 107–119. doi: 10.1007/BF00302751

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 118

  Mengs U. (1987). Acute toxicity of aristolochic acid in rodents. Arch. Toxicol.59 (5), 328–331. doi: 10.1007/BF00295084

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 119

  Mengs U. (1988). Tumour induction in mice following exposure to aristolochic acid. Arch. Toxicol.61 (6), 504–505. doi: 10.1007/BF00293699

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 120

  Mengs U. Stotzem C. D. (1993). Renal toxicity of aristolochic acid in rats as an example of nephrotoxicity testing in routine toxicology. Arch. Toxicol.67 (5), 307–311. doi: 10.1007/BF01973700

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 121

  Meyer M. M. Chen T. P. Bennett W. M. (2000). Chinese herb nephropathy. Proc. (Bayl Univ Med Cent).13 (4), 334–337. doi: 10.1080/08998280.2000.11927699

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 122

  Michl J. Bello O. Kite G. C. Simmonds M. S. J. Heinrich M. (2017). Medicinally used Asarum species: high-resolution LC-MS analysis of aristolochic acid analogs and in vitro toxicity screening in HK-2 cells. Front. Pharmacol.8, 215. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00215

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 123

  Michl J. Ingrouille M. J. Simmonds M. S. Heinrich M. (2014). Naturally occurring aristolochic acid analogues and their toxicities. Nat. Prod. Rep.31 (5), 676–693. doi: 10.1039/c3np70114j

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 124

  Michl J. Jennings H. M. Kite G. C. Ingrouile M. J. Simmonds M. S. Heinrich M. (2013). Is aristolochic acid nephropathy a widespread problem in developing countries? A case study of Aristolochia indica L. J. Ethnopharmacol.149 (1), 235–244. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.028

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 125

  Michl J. Kite G. C. Wanke S. Zierau O. Vollmer G. Neinhuis C. et al . (2016). LC-MS- and 1H NMR-based metabolomic analysis and in vitro toxicological assessment of 43 Aristolochia species. J. Nat. Prod.79 (1), 30–37. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00556

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 126

  Milichovsky J. Barta F. Schmeiser H. H. Arlt V. M. Frei E. Stiborova M. et al . (2016). Active site mutations as a suitable tool contributing to explain a mechanism of aristolochic acid I nitroreduction by cytochromes P450 1A1, 1A2 and 1B1. Int. J. Mol. Sci.17 (2), 213. doi: 10.3390/ijms17020213

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 127

  Miyazaki J. Nishiyama H. (2017). Epidemiology of urothelial carcinoma. Int. J. Urol.24 (10), 730–734. doi: 10.1111/iju.13376

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 128

  Mohamed O. A. Wang Z. Yu G. Khalid H. E. (1999). Determination of aristolochic acid A in the roots and rhizomes of Aristolochia from Sudan and China by HPLC. J. China Pharm. Univ.30 (4), 288–290. doi: 10.1016/B978-008043005-8/50012-3

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 129

  Moriya M. Slade N. Brdar B. Medverec Z. Tomic K. Jelakovic B. et al . (2011). TP53 mutational signature for aristolochic acid: an environmental carcinogen. Int. J. Cancer129 (6), 1532–1536. doi: 10.1002/ijc.26077

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 130

  Nault J. C. Letouze E. (2019). Mutational processes in hepatocellular carcinoma: the story of aristolochic acid. Semin. Liver Dis. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1685516

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 131

  Ng A. W. T. Poon S. L. Huang M. N. Lim J. Q. Boot A. Yu W. et al . (2017). Aristolochic acids and their derivatives are widely implicated in liver cancers in Taiwan and throughout Asia. Sci. Transl. Med.9 (412). doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan6446

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 132

  Ni L. Yang X. (2012). Determination of hydroxysafflor yellow A, gallic acid, and aristolochic acid A in Wuweizhaxun Pill by HPLC. Chin. J. Exp. Tradit. Med. Formulae18 (18), 109–112. doi: 10.13422/j.cnki.syfjx.2012.18.045

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 133

  Nortier J. L. Deschodt-Lanckman M. M. Simon S. Thielemans N. O. de Prez E. G. Depierreux M. F. et al . (1997). Proximal tubular injury in Chinese herbs nephropathy: monitoring by neutral endopeptidase enzymuria. Kidney Int.51 (1), 288–293. doi: 10.1038/ki.1997.35

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 134

  Nortier J. L. Martinez M. C. Schmeiser H. H. Arlt V. M. Bieler C. A. Petein M. et al . (2000). Urothelial carcinoma associated with the use of a Chinese herb (Aristolochia fangchi). N. Engl. J. Med.342 (23), 1686–1692. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200006083422301

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 135

  Nortier J. L. Vanherweghem J. L. (2002). Renal interstitial fibrosis and urothelial carcinoma associated with the use of a Chinese herb (Aristolochia fangchi). Toxicology, 181–182, 577–580. doi: 10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00486-9

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 136

  Pan Y. Gan Q. (2009). Determination of aristolochic acid A in prepared traditional Chinese medicines by LC-MS/MS. Phys. Test. Chem. Anal. (Part B: Chemical Analysis)45 (9), 1017–1020. doi: 10.1360/972009-470

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 137

  Pang Y. Qu J. (2015). Content determination of aristolochic acid A in Fufangquanshen Tablet. J. Pediatr. Pharm.21 (11), 46–49. doi: 10.13407/j.cnki.jpp.1672-108X.2015.011.016

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 138

  Patel N. Arya M. Muneer A. Powles T. Sullivan M. Hines J. et al . (2014). Molecular aspects of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Urol. Oncol.3228 (1), 28 e11–20. doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.10.002

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 139

  Pavlovic N. M. (2013a). Balkan endemic nephropathy-current status and future perspectives. Clin. Kidney J.6 (3), 257–265. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sft049

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 140

  Pavlovic N. M. Maksimovic V. Maksimovic J. D. Orem W. H. Tatu C. A. Lerch H. E. et al . (2013b). Possible health impacts of naturally occurring uptake of aristolochic acids by maize and cucumber roots: links to the etiology of endemic (Balkan) nephropathy. Environ. Geochem. Health35 (2), 215–226. doi: 10.1007/s10653-012-9477-8

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 141

  Poon S. L. Huang M. N. Choo Y. McPherson J. R. Yu W. Heng H. L. et al . (2015). Mutation signatures implicate aristolochic acid in bladder cancer development. Genome Med.7 (1), 38. doi: 10.1186/s13073-015-0161-3

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 142

  Poon S. L. Pang S. T. McPherson J. R. Yu W. Huang K. K. Guan P. et al . (2013). Genome-wide mutational signatures of aristolochic acid and its application as a screening tool. Sci. Transl. Med.5 (197), 197ra101. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006086

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 143

  Popovska-Jankovic K. Noveski P. Jankovic-Velickovic L. Stojnev S. Cukuranovic R. Stefanovic V. et al . (2016). MicroRNA profiling in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma associated with Balkan endemic nephropathy. Biomed. Res. Int.2016, 7450461. doi: 10.1155/2016/7450461

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 144

  Pozdzik A. A. Berton A. Schmeiset H. H. Missoum W. Decaestecker C. Salmon I. J. et al . (2010). Aristolochic acid nephropathy revisited: a place for innate and adaptive immunity? Histopathology56 (4), 449–463. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03509.x

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 145

  Pu X. Y. Shen J. Y. Deng Z. P. Zhang Z. A. (2016). Oral exposure to aristolochic acid I induces gastric histological lesions with non-specific renal injury in rat. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol.68 (6), 315–320. doi: 10.1016/j.etp.2016.03.003

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 146

  Qiu Q. Qin C. Huang Q. (2018). Determination of aristolochic acid A in Shennong snake liquor by HPLC. J. Guangxi Med. Univ.35 (1), 116–118. doi: 10.16190/j.cnki.45-1211/r.2018.01.033

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 147

  Ran H. Tian R. Huang J. (2016). Determination of aristolochic acid I, oxypaeoniflorin, alibiflorin, and paeoniflorin in Yangyinjiangya Capsules by HPLC. Drugs Clinic31 (11), 1703–1706. doi: 10.7501/j.issn.1674-5515.2016.11.004

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 148

  Reginster F. Jadoul M. Van Ypersele de Strihou C. (1997). Chinese herbs nephropathy presentation, natural history and fate after transplantation. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.12 (1), 81–86. doi: 10.1093/ndt/12.1.81

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 149

  Ren W. Li S. Long Y. Su Z. Zhao X. (2010). Limit detection of aristolochic acid A in Xinsheng Granula by HPLC. Tradit. Chin. Drug Res. Clin. Pharmacol.21 (1), 67–69. doi: 10.19378/j.issn.1003-9783.2010.01.023

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 150

  Rosenquist T. A. Grollman A. P. (2016). Mutational signature of aristolochic acid: clue to the recognition of a global disease. DNA Repair44, 205–211. doi: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.05.027

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 151

  Rosenquist T. A. Einolf H. J. Dickman K. G. Wang L. Smith A. Grollman A. P. (2010). Cytochrome P450 1A2 detoxicates aristolochic acid in the mouse. Drug Metab. Dispos.38 (5), 761–768. doi: 10.1124/dmd.110.032201

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 152

  Ruan Y. Hu X. Zhao Y. (2012). Effect of Chinese herbal medicine compatibility on aristolochic acid content in Dangguisini Decoction. Chin. Arch. Tradit. Chin. Med.30 (3), 549–551. doi: 10.13193/j.archtcm.2012.03.103.ruanyp.049

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 153

  Rui H. L. Wang Y. Y. Cheng H. Chen Y. P. (2012). JNK-dependent AP-1 activation is required for aristolochic acid-induced TGF-beta1 synthesis in human renal proximal epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.302 (12), F1569–1575. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00560.2011

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 154

  Sato N. Takahashi D. Chen S. M. Tsuchiya R. Mukoyama T. Yamagata S. et al . (2004). Acute nephrotoxicity of aristolochic acids in mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.56 (2), 221–229. doi: 10.1211/0022357023051

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 155

  Scelo G. Riazalhosseini Y. Greger L. Letouneau L. Gonzalea-Porta M. Wozniak M. B. et al . (2014). Variation in genomic landscape of clear cell renal cell carcinoma across Europe. Nat. Commun.5, 5135. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6135

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 156

  Schaneberg B. T. Khan I. A. (2004). Analysis of products suspected of containing Aristolochia or Asarum species. J. Ethnopharmacol.94 (2–3), 245–249. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.06.010

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 157

  Schmeiser H. H. Bieler C. A. Wiessler M. van Ypersele de Strihou C. Cosyns J. P. (1996). Detection of DNA adducts formed by aristolochic acid in renal tissue from patients with Chinese herbs nephropathy. Cancer Res.56 (9), 2025–2028. doi: 10.1007/s002620050279

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 158

  Schmeiser H. H. Frei E. Wiessler M. Stiborova M. (1997). Comparison of DNA adduct formation by aristolochic acids in various in vitro activation systems by 32P-post-labelling: evidence for reductive activation by peroxidases. Carcinogenesis18 (5), 1055–1062. doi: 10.1093/carcin/18.5.1055

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 159

  Schmeiser H. H. Janssen J. W. Lyons J. Scherf H. R. Pfau W. Buchmann A. et al . (1990). Aristolochic acid activates ras genes in rat tumors at deoxyadenosine residues. Cancer Res.50 (17), 5464–5469. doi: 10.1016/0304-3835(90)90217-L

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 160

  Schmeiser H. H. Kucab J. E. Arlt V. M. Phillips D. H. Hollstein M. Gluhovschi G. et al . (2012). Evidence of exposure to aristolochic acid in patients with urothelial cancer from a Balkan endemic nephropathy region of Romania. Environ. Mol. Mutagen.53 (8), 636–641. doi: 10.1002/em.21732

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 161

  Schmeiser H. H. Nortier J. L. Singh R. Gamboa da Costa G. Sennesael J. Cassuto-Viguier E. et al . (2014). Exceptionally long-term persistence of DNA adducts formed by carcinogenic aristolochic acid I in renal tissue from patients with aristolochic acid nephropathy. Int. J. Cancer135 (2), 502–507. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28681

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 162

  Shaohua Z. Ananda S. Ruxia Y. Liang R. Xiaorui C. Liang L. (2010). Fatal renal failure due to the Chinese herb “GuanMuTong” (Aristolochia manshuriensis): autopsy findings and review of literature. Forensic Sci. Int.199 (1–3), e5–7. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.02.003

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 163

  Shen M. Xu G. Zhang Q. (2008). Determination of the contents of aristolochic acid A in Longdanxiegan Pills by high performance liquid chromatography. Her. Med.27 (2), 221–222. doi: 10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2008.02.043

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 164

  Shibutani S. Dong H. Suzuki N. Ueda S. Miller F. Grollman A. P. (2007). Selective toxicity of aristolochic acids I and II. Drug Metab. Dispos.35 (7), 1217–1222. doi: 10.1124/dmd.107.014688

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 165

  Shu X. Chen J. Lin S. Yu N. Ye X. Xie D. et al . (2016). Determination of limit of aritolochic acid A in Dahuangqingwei Pills. Chin. J. Hosp. Pharmacy36 (17), 1512–1515. doi: 10.13286/j.cnki.chinhosppharmacyj.2016.17.19

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 166

  Sidorenko V. S. Attaluri S. Zaitseva I. Iden C. R. Dickman K. G. Johnson F. et al . (2014). Bioactivation of the human carcinogen aristolochic acid. Carcinogenesis35 (8), 1814–1822. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu095

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 167

  Sidorenko V. S. Yeo J. E. Bonala R. R. Johnson F. Scharer O. D. Grollman A. P. (2012). Lack of recognition by global-genome nucleotide excision repair accounts for the high mutagenicity and persistence of aristolactam-DNA adducts. Nucleic Acids Res.40 (6), 2494–2505. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkr1095

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 168

  Slade N. Moll U. M. Brdar B. Zoric A. Jelakovic B. (2009). P53 mutations as fingerprints for aristolochic acid: an environmental carcinogen in endemic (Balkan) nephropathy. Mutat. Res.663 (1–2), 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.01.005

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 169

  Soria F. Shariat S. F. Lerner S. P. Fritsche H. M. Rink M. Kassouf W. et al . (2017). Epidemiology, diagnosis, preoperative evaluation and prognostic assessment of upper-tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). World J. Urol.35 (3), 379–387. doi: 10.1007/s00345-016-1928-x

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 170

  Stefanovic V. Jelakovic B. Cukuranovic R. Bukvic D. Nikolic J. Lukic L. et al . (2007). Diagnostic criteria for Balkan endemic nephropathy: proposal by an international panel. Ren. Fail.29 (7), 867–880. doi: 10.1080/08860220701600732

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 171

  Stefanovic V. Toncheva D. Atanasova S. Polenakovic M. (2006). Etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy and associated urothelial cancer. Am. J. Nephrol.26 (1), 1–11. doi: 10.1159/000090705

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 172

  Stiborova M. Arlt V. M. Schmeiser H. H. (2016). Balkan endemic nephropathy: an update on its aetiology. Arch. Toxicol.90 (11), 2595–2615. doi: 10.1007/s00204-016-1819-3

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 173

  Stiborova M. Arlt V. M. Schmeiser H. H. (2017). DNA adducts formed by aristolochic acid are unique biomarkers of exposure and explain the initiation phase of upper urothelial cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci.18 (10). doi: 10.3390/ijms18102144

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 174

  Stiborova M. Barta F. Levova K. Hodek P. Schmeiser H. H. Arlt V. M. et al . (2015). A mechanism of O-demethylation of aristolochic acid I by cytochromes P450 and their contributions to this reaction in human and rat livers: experimental and theoretical approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci.16 (11), 27561–27575. doi: 10.3390/ijms161126047

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 175

  Stiborova M. Frei E. Arlt V. M. Schmeiser H. H. (2008a). Metabolic activation of carcinogenic aristolochic acid, a risk factor for Balkan endemic nephropathy. Mutat. Res.658 (1–2), 55–67. doi: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.07.003

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 176

  Stiborova M. Frei E. Arlt V. M. Schmeiser H. H. (2009). The role of biotransformation enzymes in the development of renal injury and urothelial cancer caused by aristolochic acid: urgent questions and difficult answers. Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky Olomouc Czech. Repub.153 (1), 5–11. doi: 10.5507/bp.2009.001

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 177

  Stiborova M. Frei E. Hodek P. Wiessler M. Schmeiser H. H. (2005). Human hepatic and renal microsomes, cytochromes P450 1A1/2, NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase and prostaglandin H synthase mediate the formation of aristolochic acid-DNA adducts found in patients with urothelial cancer. Int. J. Cancer113 (2), 189–197. doi: 10.1002/ijc.20564

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 178

  Stiborova M. Frei E. Schmeiser H. H. (2008b). Biotransformation enzymes in development of renal injury and urothelial cancer caused by aristolochic acid. Kidney Int.73 (11), 1209–1211. doi: 10.1038/ki.2008.125

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 179

  Stiborova M. Hudecek J. Frei E. Schmeiser H. H. (2008c). Contribution of biotransformation enzymes to the development of renal injury and urothelial cancer caused by aristolochic acid: urgent questions, difficult answers. Interdiscip. Toxicol.1 (1), 8–12. doi: 10.2478/v10102-010-0023-1

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 180

  Stiborova M. Levova K. Barta F. Shi Z. Frei E. Schmeiser H. H. et al . (2012). Bioactivation versus detoxication of the urothelial carcinogen aristolochic acid I by human cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1A2. Toxicol. Sci.125 (2), 345–358. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr306

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 181

  Stiborova M. Mares J. Frei E. Arlt V. M. Martinek V. Schmeiser H. H. et al . (2011). The human carcinogen aristolochic acid I is activated to form DNA adducts by human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase without the contribution of acetyltransferases or sulfotransferases. Environ. Mol. Mutagen.52 (6), 448–459. doi: 10.1002/em.20642

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 182

  Sun M. Zhang J. Zheng C. Liu Y. Lin F. Xu F. et al . (2015). Analysis of potential risk factors for cancer incidence in patients with aristolochic acid nephropathy from Wenzhou, China. Ren. Fail.37 (2), 209–213. doi: 10.3109/0886022X.2014.990347

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 183

  Tan R. Shi X. Yang J. (2005). Determination of aristolochic acid in Ershiwuwei songshi Capsule by HPLC. J. Chin. Med. Mater.28 (7), 619–620. doi: 10.13863/j.issn1001-4454.2005.07.042

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 184

  Tang X. He S. Xie T. (2012). Determination of aristolochic acid A in Xiaozhongzhitong Tincture by SPE-HPLC. Chin. J. Pharm. Anal.32 (9), 1690–1693. doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2012.09.025

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 185

  Tao L. Zeng Y. Wang J. Liu Z. Shen B. Ge J. et al . (2015). Differential microRNA expression in aristolochic acid-induced upper urothelial tract cancers ex vivo. Mol. Med. Rep.12 (5), 6533–6546. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4330

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 186

  Tian H. Wang H. (2007). Determination of aristolochic acid A in Wantongjingu Tablet by RP-HPLC. Pharm. J. Chin. People’s Liberation Army23 (6), 456–457. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-9926.2007.06.021

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 187

  Toncheva D. Mihailova-Hristova M. Vazharova R. Staneva R. Karachanak S. Dimitrov P. et al . (2014). NGS nominated CELA1, HSPG2, and KCNK5 as candidate genes for predisposition to Balkan endemic nephropathy. Biomed. Res. Int.2014, 920723. doi: 10.1155/2014/920723

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 188

  Totoki Y. Tatsuno K. Covington K. R. Ueda H. Creighton C. J. Kato M. et al . (2014). Transancestry mutational landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma genomes. Nat. Genet.46 (12), 1267–1273. doi: 10.1038/ng.3126

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 189

  Trnacevic S. Nislic E. Trnacevic E. Tulumovic E. (2017). Early screening of Balkan endemic nephropathy. Mater. Sociomed.29 (3), 207–210. doi: 10.5455/msm.2017.29.207-210

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 190

  Vaclavik, KrynitskyA. J.RaderJ. I. (2014). Quantification of aristolochic acids I and II in herbal dietary supplements by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-multistage fragmentation mass spectrometry. Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess.31 (5), 784–791. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2014.892215

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 191

  Vanhaelen M. Vanhaelen-Fastre R. But P. Vanherveghem J. L. (1994). Identification of aristolochic acid in Chinese herbs. Lancet343 (8890), 174.

  • Google Scholar

• 192

  Vanherweghem J. Depierreux M. Tielemans C. Abramowicz D. Dratwa M. Jadoul M. et al . (1993). Rapidly progressive interstitial renal fibrosis in young women: association with slimming regimen including Chinese herbs. Lancet341 (8842), 387–391. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92984-2

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 193

  Veale E. L. Mathie A. (2016). Aristolochic acid, a plant extract used in the treatment of pain and linked to Balkan endemic nephropathy, is a regulator of K2P channels. Br. J. Pharmacol.173 (10), 1639–1652. doi: 10.1111/bph.13465

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 194

  Vervaet B. A. D’Haese P. C. Verhulst A. (2017). Environmental toxin-induced acute kidney injury. Clin. Kidney J.10 (6), 747–758. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfx062

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 195

  Wang Y. Chan W. (2014). Determination of aristolochic acids by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J. Agric. Food Chem.62 (25), 5859–5864. doi: 10.1021/jf501609j

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 196

  Wang C. Juan H. Li H. (2017). HPLC determination of aristolochic acid in Yishenjuanbi Pill. Journal of Harbin University of Commerce (Natural Sciences Edition).33 (4), 406–410. doi: 10.19492/j.cnki.1672-0946.2017.04.006

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 197

  Wang H. Yang S. Bai S. (2018a). Progress on chemical constituents and bioactivities of Saruma Henryi Oliv. Food Drug20 (2), 157–160. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-979X.2018.02.020

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 198

  Wang L. Ding X. Li C. Zhao Y. Yu C. Yi Y. et al . (2018b). Oral administration of Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom in rats induces tumors in multiple organs. J. Ethnopharmacol.225, 81–89. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.07.001

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 199

  Wang S. M. Lai M. N. Chen P. C. Pu Y. S. Lai M. K. Hwang J. S. et al . (2014a). Increased upper and lower tract urothelial carcinoma in patients with end-stage renal disease: a nationwide cohort study in Taiwan during 1997-2008. Biomed. Res. Int.2014, 149750. doi: 10.1155/2014/149750

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 200

  Wang S. M. Lai M. N. Wei A. Chen Y. Y. Pu Y. S. Chen P. C. et al . (2014b). Increased risk of urinary tract cancer in ESRD patients associated with usage of Chinese herbal products suspected of containing aristolochic acid. PLoS One9 (8), e105218. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105218

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 201

  Wang Y. Meng F. Arlt V. M. Mei N. Chen T. Parsons B. L. (2011). Aristolochic acid-induced carcinogenesis examined by ACB-PCR quantification of H-Ras and K-Ras mutant fraction. Mutagenesis26 (5), 619–628. doi: 10.1093/mutage/ger023

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 202

  Wei F. Cheng X. L. Ma L. Y. Jin W. T. Schaneberg B. T. Khan I. A. et al . (2005). Analysis of aristolochic acids and analogues in medicinal plants and their commercial products by HPLC-PAD-ESI/MS. Phytochem. Anal.16 (3), 222–230. doi: 10.1002/pca.849

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 203

  Wei J. Mo Y. Liang S. (2007). Limit detection of aristolochic acid in Ganteling Capsules. Chin. Traditional Patent Med.29 (8), 1266–1267. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1528.2007.08.061

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 204

  Wei Y. Wang H. Liu Y. Liu H. Han X. Song X. (2011). Determination of the contents of aristolochic acid A in Aristolochia moupinensis and Qiweihonghuashusheng Pills. Chin. Traditional Patent Med.33 (12), 2186–2188. doi: 10.1038/cdd.2010.68

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 205

  Wen H. Gao H. Y. Qi W. Xiao F. Wang L. L. Wang D. et al . (2014). Simultaneous determination of twenty-two components in Asari Radix et Rhizoma by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Planta Med.80 (18), 1753–1762. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1383296

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 206

  Wooltorton E. (2004). Several Chinese herbal products may contain toxic aristolochic acid. CMAJ171 (5), 449. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.1041266

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 207

  Wu F. L. Chen Y. M. Lai T. S. Shen L. J. Ho Y. F. Lee Y. T. et al . (2012). Does Chinese herb nephropathy account for the high incidence of end-stage renal disease in Taiwan? Nephron. Clin. Pract.120 (4), c215–222. doi: 10.1159/000341120

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 208

  Wu J. Wu C. Qiao M. (2009). Detection on contents of aristolochic acid A in Daochi Powder and its combination group with high performance liquid chromatography. J. Hubei Univ. Chin. Med.11 (3), 30–31. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-987X.2009.03.012

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 209

  Wu X. (2006). Determination of aristolochine A in Guanxinsuhe Pills by RP-HPLC. J. Zhejiang Chin. Med. Univ.30 (5), 535–536. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-5509.2006.05.048

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 210

  Xiao Y. Ge M. Xue X. Wang C. Wang H. Wu X. et al . (2008). Hepatic cytochrome P450s metabolize aristolochic acid and reduce its kidney toxicity. Kidney Int.73 (11), 1231–1239. doi: 10.1038/ki.2008.103

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 211

  Xing G. Qi X. Chen M. Wu Y. Yao J. Gong L. et al . (2012). Comparison of the mutagenicity of aristolochic acid I and aristolochic acid II in the gpt delta transgenic mouse kidney. Mutat. Res.743 (1-2), 52–58. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.12.021

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 212

  Xu Y. Shang M. Ge Y. Wang X. Cai S. (2010). Chemical constituent from fruit of Aristolochia contorta.. China J. Chin. Mater. Med.35 (21), 2862–2865. doi: 10.4268/cjcmm20102115

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 213

  Xu Y. Q. Li X. W. Liu G. X. Wang X. Shang M. Y. Li X. M. et al . (2013). Comparative study of the contents of analogues of aristolochic acid in two kinds of Aristolochiae Fructus by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Nat. Med.67 (1), 113–122. doi: 10.1007/s11418-012-0664-9

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 214

  Xue L. (2015). Determination of the content of aristolochic acid in Rumozhentong Capsule. Shanxi J. Traditional Chin. Med.36 (4), 492–493. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7369.2015.04.049

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 215

  Xue X. Gong L. K. Maeda K. Luan Y. Qi X. M. Sugiyama Y. et al . (2011). Critical role of organic anion transporters 1 and 3 in kidney accumulation and toxicity of aristolochic acid I. Mol. Pharm.8 (6), 2183–2192. doi: 10.1021/mp100418u

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 216

  Yang H. Y. Chen P. C. Wang J. D. (2014). Chinese herbs containing aristolochic acid associated with renal failure and urothelial carcinoma: a review from epidemiologic observations to causal inference. Biomed. Res. Int.2014, 569325. doi: 10.1155/2014/569325

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 217

  Yang H. Y. Lin J. L. Chen K. H. Yu C. C. Hsu P. Y. Lin C. L. (2006). Aristolochic acid-related nephropathy associated with the popular Chinese herb Xixin. J. Nephrol.19 (1), 111–114. doi: 10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00120-7

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 218

  Yang L. Su T. Li X. M. Wang X. Cai S. Q. Meng L. Q. et al . (2012). Aristolochic acid nephropathy: variation in presentation and prognosis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.27 (1), 292–298. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfr291

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 219

  Ye Z. Zhang Y. Wang Y. (2003). Determination of aristolonchic acid A content in Caulis Aristolochiae Manshuriensis and other four aristolonchic Chinese herb drugs by HPLC. Fudan Univ. J. Med. Sci.30 (5), 491–493. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2003.05.022

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 220

  Yi J. H. Han S. W. Kim W. Y. Kim J. Park M. H. (2018). Effects of aristolochic acid I and/or hypokalemia on tubular damage in C57BL/6 rat with aristolochic acid nephropathy. Korean J. Intern. Med.33 (4), 763–773. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2016.097

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 221

  Yin S. Wang M. Lin X. Li J. Xie H. (2009). Determination of aristolochic acid A in Fufangnanxingzhitong Ointment by UPLC. J. Nanjing Univ. Tradit. Chinese Med.25 (5), 396–397. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-5005.2009.05.025

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 222

  Yu B. Liu Z. Li S. (2011a). Limit detection of aristolochic acid I in Gubenqufeng Granules. China Pharmacy22 (47), 4485–4486.

  • Google Scholar

• 223

  Yu F. Wu T. S. Chen T. W. Liu B. H. (2011b). Aristolochic acid I induced oxidative DNA damage associated with glutathione depletion and ERK1/2 activation in human cells. Toxicol. Vitro25 (4), 810–816. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.01.016

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 224

  Yu J. Ma C. M. Wang X. Shang M. Y. Hattori M. Xu F. et al . (2016). Analysis of aristolochic acids, aristololactams and their analogues using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Chin. J. Nat. Med.14 (8), 0626–0640. doi: 10.1016/S1875-5364(16)30074-7

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 225

  Yuan J. Liu Q. Wei G. Tang F. Ding L. Yao S. (2007a). Characterization and determination of six aristolochic acids and three aristololactams in medicinal plants and their preparations by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.21 (14), 2332–2342. doi: 10.1002/rcm.3097

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 226

  Yuan J. Liu Q. Zhu W. Ding L. Tang F. Yao S. (2008). Simultaneous analysis of six aristolochic acids and five aristolactams in herbal plants and their preparations by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. A1182 (1), 85–92. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.076

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 227

  Yuan J. Nie L. Zeng D. Luo X. Tang F. Ding L. (2007b). Simultaneous determination of nine aristolochic acid analogues in medicinal plants and preparations by high-performance liquid chromatography. Talanta73 (4), 644–650. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2007.04.042

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 228

  Yuan J. Zhang X. (2016). Simultaneous determination of contents of five components in Guanxinsuhe dripping Pills by HPLC with gradient elution method. Anhui Med. Pharm. J.20 (9), 1651–1654. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6469.2016.09.010

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 229

  Zhai Z. Luo X. Shi Y. (2006). Separation and determination of aristolochic acids in herbal medicines by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. Anal. Chim. Acta561 (1–2), 119–125. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.01.025

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 230

  Zhang C. Wang X. Shang M. Yu J. Xu Y. Li Z. et al . (2006). Simultaneous determination of five aristolochic acids and two aristololactams in Aristolochia plants by high-performance liquid chromatography. Biomed. Chromatogr.20 (4), 309–318. doi: 10.1002/bmc.565

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 231

  Zhang H. Li J. Sun X. (2013a). Determination of aristolochic acid I in Ershijiuweinengxiao Powder by HPLC. Chin. Pharm. Affairs27 (12), 1269–1271.

  • Google Scholar

• 232

  Zhang H. M. Zhao X. H. Sun Z. H. Li G. C. Liu G. C. Sun L. R. et al . (2019). Recognition of the toxicity of aristolochic acid. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther.44 (2), 157–162. doi: 10.1111/jcpt.12789

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 233

  Zhang H. (2017). Limited determination of aristolochic acid I in Biyanling Tablet. Chin. J. Ration. Drug Use14 (7), 67–69. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-3327.2017.07.020

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 234

  Zhang J. Wei Z. Zhang A. Zhao Y. Zhao G. Cai X. et al . (2016). Detection aristolochic acids 1 and 2 in Costustoot via electrochemical method and liquid chromatography. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci.11 (8), 6830–6837. doi: 10.20964/2016.08.11

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 235

  Zhang L. Wang Y. (2012). LC-MS detection of aristolochic acid A in Xiaofengzhiyang Granula. Chin. J. Pharm. Anal.32 (1), 78–81. doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2012.01.006

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 236

  Zhang P. (2011). The assay of aristolochic acid A in different organs of Saruma.. North. Hortic. (20), 177–178.

  • Google Scholar

• 237

  Zhang P. Wei J. Zhang F. Gu J. (2013b). Extraction and determination of four different aristolochic acids in aristolochic herbs and Chinese patent drug. Mod. Tradit. Chin. Med. Mater. Med. World Sci. Technol.15 (1), 6. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-3849.2013.01.025

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 238

  Zhao H. Jiang H. (2009). Determination of aristolochic acid A in Saruma henryi by HPLC. Guihaia29 (4), 548–551. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3142.2009.04.027

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 239

  Zhao Y. Y. Wang H. L. Cheng X. L. Wei F. Bai X. Lin R. C. et al . (2015). Metabolomics analysis reveals the association between lipid abnormalities and oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and Nrf2 dysfunction in aristolochic acid-induced nephropathy. Sci. Rep.5, 12936. doi: 10.1038/srep12936

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 240

  Zhou Q. Pei J. Poon J. Lau A. Y. Zhang L. Wang Y. et al . (2019). Worldwide research trends on aristolochic acids (1957-2017): suggestions for researchers. PLoS One14 (5), e0216135. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216135

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 241

  Zhou X. Li Z. Chen Y. Li P. (2015). Determination the limitation of aristolochic acid A in Mahuangzhisou Pill by SPE-HPLC. Guiding J. Tradit. Chin. Med. Pharmacy21 (14), 44–46. doi: 10.13862/j.cnki.cn43-1446/r.2015.14.014

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 242

  Zhou Y. Zhou J. Huang S. Wu P. Wang Y. Du X. et al . (2008). RP-HPLC determination of aristolochic acid A in some Aristolochiaceae Chinese herbal medicine. Chin. J. Pharm. Anal.28 (7), 1075–1080. doi: 10.1016/S1872-2040(08)60074-2

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 243

  Zhu G. Wang Q. Wang Z. Su X. (2006). Determination of the content of aristolochic acid I and II in Ganluxiaodu Pills with RP-HPLC. Her. Med.25 (6), 568–570. doi: 10.3870/j.issn.1004-0781.2006.06.035

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar