Bruno Etain
Emilie Olie
Philippe Courtet3,4
Marion Leboyer- 1Université de Paris – INSERM UMRS 1144, Paris, France
- 2Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, APHP.Nord, DMU Neurosciences, GHU Saint Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Paris, France
- 3Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France
- 4Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, PSNREC, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- 5Université Paris Est Créteil, Inserm U955, IMRB, Laboratoire Neuro-Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France
A Commentary on
20-Year Trends in the Pharmacologic Treatment of Bipolar Disorder by Psychiatrists in Outpatient Care Settings
by Rhee, T. G., Olfson, M., Nierenberg, A. A., and Wilkinson, S. T. (2020). Am. J. Psychiatry 177, 706–715. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19091000
Introduction
Using data from the US care system over 20 years, Rhee and colleagues (1) reported in the American Journal of Psychiatry (July 2020) that, among outpatients with Bipolar Disorder (BD), the prescriptions of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) massively increased (from 12.4% of BD outpatient in the 1997–2000 period to 51.4% in the 2013–2016 period), while the prescriptions of lithium and anticonvulsants decreased (from 62.3% of BD patients in the 1997–2000 period to 26.4% in the 2013–2016 period). The use of antidepressants, whose efficacy in bipolar depression is limited (2), constantly rose during the same period, these being often prescribed without any mood stabilizer (40.9% in the 2013–2016 period) in about half of the visits.
The Growing Use of Second Generation Antipsychotics is Questionable
This shift from lithium/anticonvulsants to SGAs prescriptions is also observed in Europe (3, 4). This trend was expected because most SGAs have been marketed during the last two decades. RCTs published by drug companies made SGAs mechanically going up to the top of the list of recommended medications in recent guidelines. While formally approved in BD, the rising use of SGAs is nonetheless alarming as it is associated with metabolic syndrome (5). Metabolic syndrome, which is associated with a 2-fold higher rate of cardiovascular outcomes and a 1.5-fold higher all-cause mortality rate, affects 37% of patients with BD (6). Efforts are therefore required to bend this curve of SGAs prescriptions to prevent any potential long-term harm.
The decreasing use of lithium would certainly be viewed as a non-sense by many clinicians. Beyond its proven efficacy as a mood stabilizer, lithium is also known to reduce suicidal risk in BD (7). About one-third to one-half of BD patients attempt suicide at least once in their lifetime and approximately 15–20% die due to suicide. Not only recommended for the prevention of mood recurrences, lithium also decreases suicidal risk in BD, a striking advantage for a disorder for which the burden of suicide is major. Experts in the field regularly advocate for a renewal of lithium use despite its observed decline. Although it is undoubtedly easier to prescribe SGAs as first line agents (however, just a short-term option), clinicians should beware of the belief that SGAs necessarily provide a better benefit/risk balance. Hence, we should relentlessly argue that lithium offers an efficacious and safe option in BD which helps reduce the high rates of mortality due to suicide and natural causes.
The choice of medication has thus an impact on premature mortality in BD patients largely due to cardiovascular disease and suicide (8).
Discussion
A decade ago, the “Fondamental Foundation” created the French Network of Centers of Expertise which offers recommendations for personalized care plans in BD. During a 2 years follow-up, we observed significant changes in the medications being prescribed [i.e., higher use of lithium or anticonvulsants, lower use of antidepressants, and in parallel, an improvement of the course of BD (i.e. mood episodes, hospitalizations) (9)]. We suggest that such centers can help guaranteeing a rationale and personalized use of medications in BD (personalized choice of mood stabilizers and a cautious use of antidepressants), in agreement with guidelines. Expertise should counterbalance common practices.
Author Contributions
BE and EO wrote the draft of the manuscript. OG, PC, and ML actively revised the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
1. Rhee TG, Olfson M, Nierenberg AA, Wilkinson ST. 20-year trends in the pharmacologic treatment of bipolar disorder by psychiatrists in outpatient care settings. Am J Psychiatry. (2020) 177:706–15. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19091000
2. Carvalho AF, Firth J, Vieta E. Bipolar disorder. N Engl J Med. (2020) 383:58–66. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1906193
3. Bohlken J, Bauer M, Kostev K. Drug treatment for patients with bipolar disorders in psychiatric practices in Germany in 2009 and 2018. Psychiatry Res. (2020) 289:112965. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112965
4. Lyall LM, Penades N, Smith DJ. Changes in prescribing for bipolar disorder between 2009 and 2016: national-level data linkage study in Scotland. Br J Psychiatry. (2019) 215:415–21. doi: 10.1192/bjp.2019.16
5. Barton BB, Segger F, Fischer K, Obermeier M, Musil R. Update on weight-gain caused by antipsychotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Opin Drug Safety. (2020) 19:295–314. doi: 10.1080/14740338.2020.1713091
6. Vancampfort D, Vansteelandt K, Correll CU, Mitchell AJ, De Herdt A, Sienaert P, et al. Metabolic syndrome and metabolic abnormalities in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of prevalence rates and moderators. Am J Psychiatry. (2013) 170:265–74. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12050620
7. Del Matto L, Muscas M, Murru A, Verdolini N, Anmella G, Fico G, et al. Lithium and suicide prevention in mood disorders and in the general population: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. (2020) 116:142–53. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.017
8. Osby U, Brandt L, Correia N, Ekbom A, Sparen P. Excess mortality in bipolar and unipolar disorder in Sweden. Arch Gen Psychiatry. (2001) 58:844–50. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.58.9.844
9. Henry C, Godin O, Courtet P, Azorin JM, Gard S, Bellivier F, et al. Outcomes for bipolar patients assessed in the French expert center network: a 2-year follow-up observational study (FondaMental Advanced Centers of Expertise for Bipolar Disorder [FACE-BD]). Bipolar Disord. (2017) 19:651–60. doi: 10.1111/bdi.12539
Keywords: bipolar disorder, antipsychotics, suicide, lithium, metabolic syndrome
Citation: Etain B, Olie E, Courtet P, Godin O and Leboyer M (2021) Commentary: 20-Year Trends in the Pharmacologic Treatment of Bipolar Disorder by Psychiatrists in Outpatient Care Settings. Front. Psychiatry 11:592593. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.592593
Received: 07 August 2020; Accepted: 10 December 2020;
Published: 15 January 2021.
Edited by:
Andrea Fagiolini, University of Siena, ItalyReviewed by:
Steven Marwaha, University of Birmingham, United KingdomCopyright © 2021 Etain, Olie, Courtet, Godin and Leboyer. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Emilie Olie, e-olie@chu-montpellier.fr