Abstract
Accurate assessment of anxiety disorders and their symptomatology in schizophrenic patients is important for prognosis and treatment. Measuring anxiety on the traditional anxiety assessment scales such as the Hamilton Anxiety Rating (HAMA) Scale or the self-rating depression scale (SAS) is challenging and often considered unsuitable for assessing anxiety symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. The Staden schizophrenia anxiety rating scale (S-SARS) has been shown to reliably measure specified and undifferentiated anxiety in schizophrenia. The present study aims to test the reliability and validity of the S-SARS version, thereby facilitating Chinese psychiatrists in assessing anxiety symptoms in schizophrenic patients. A total of 300 patients meeting ICD-10 diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia were recruited by convenience sampling. We used the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to evaluate the structural validity of S-SARS and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to acquire the cutoff point of S-SARS to define the severity of anxiety. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's and Krippendorff's α scores. 1-week test-retest reliability was assessed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Correlation analysis with HAMA was used to determine the Chinese version of S-SARS criterion validity. We have the following results: Our version of S-SARS showed Cronbach's α score as 0.899, Krippendorff's α as 0.874, and a correlation coefficient of 0.852 between S-SARS and HAMA. The EPA demonstrated that the contribution rate of major factors was 69.45%. All the items of S-SARS were located in one factor and showed a high factor load (0.415–0.837). The correlation coefficient of S-SARS and HAMA was 0.852. Our results indicated that Chinese version of S-SARS showed good constructive validity and reliability. It also showed better criterion validity compared to HAMA. The S-SARS and its Chinese version can thus serve as an effective tool for assessing anxiety symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.
Introduction
Anxiety is one of the prominent features observed among patients with schizophrenia. It often precedes and accompanies schizophrenia and is one of its risk factors (1–5). A meta-analysis of 52 studies showed that the prevalence rate of anxiety and related disorders in schizophrenia is 38.3% (2), and a recent study reported it to be higher, 45% (4). The anxiety symptoms observed in schizophrenic patients have characteristics similar to the general anxiety disorder and some distinct (6–9). The established diagnostic anxiety syndromes in schizophrenia are panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. The simultaneous presence of symptoms related to specific anxiety disorders and undifferentiated anxiety in schizophrenic patients negatively impacts the course and prognosis of this disorder (10–12). Typical clinical features differentiate patients with schizophrenia anxiety from patients experiencing general anxiety (9, 13–17). Patients with schizophrenia anxiety express hyper-vigilance, restlessness, trembling, palpitations, and tension. However, these symptoms do not compete with the diagnostic criteria of any of the specified anxiety syndromes such as generalized anxiety, panic episode, and social phobia; hence, these symptoms are also defined as un-differentiated anxiety symptoms (17–21). In contrast, differentiated anxiety symptoms are usually demonstrated under anxiety spectrum disorders with mainly identified specific fears, panic attacks, obsessions, compulsions, and excessive worries (22).
Unspecific anxiety symptoms are often confused as psychotic symptoms of hyper-phobia that are subsequently confused with the tense state caused by auditory verbal hallucinations (23). General and systematic reviews on the existing scales developed to measure levels of anxiety in schizophrenic patients are inadequate and non-specific. The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) is one of the first rating scales used to measure the severity of perceived anxiety symptoms. It is one of the most widely used anxiety rating scale, however, this scale has been reported to have several drawbacks. It has been suggested to capture symptoms thought to be characteristic of depression but not anxiety and also does not adequately measure worry, a key feature of anxiety. Smith et al. in their review of 17 anxiety measuring scales from 11 studies found them inadequate against standardized quality assessment criteria, and no single measure of anxiety demonstrated strong psychometric properties or adequate methodological quality. They recommend the BAI (Beck Anxiety Index), DASS (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale), or SAES (Scale of Anxiety Evaluation in Schizophrenia) for general screening, and the DGSS (DSM-based Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms Severity), LSAS (Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale), OCI (Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory), PSI (the Psychological Stress Index), PTQ (Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire), and Y-BOCS (Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale) to assess symptoms associated with specific anxiety disorders. Of these the Scale of Anxiety Evaluation in Schizophrenia (SAES) was designed for the schizophrenia population. Its conceptual scope is broad and includes items like decreolization, indecision, and pain, that are arguably expressions of anxiety, but it excludes compulsions. In addition, all its items are taken from existing anxiety scales, and does not account specifically for anxiety that is expressed within delusional content and in disturbances of perceptions (24). The underwhelming psychometric properties of the standard anxiety scales in the schizophrenia population may be an expression of clinical complexity in this population. Anxiety is rather difficult to assess during an acute phase of schizophrenia owing to the psychotic symptoms characteristic of this phase (18). Further, anxiety may clinically be difficult to distinguish from akathisia, which is a common extrapyramidal side effect of antipsychotic medication (25). Compounding this complexity further, psychotic features and akathisia may exacerbate anxiety and vice versa (18, 25). Concurrent comorbid depressive features also complicate assessments as depressive features correlate with anxiety both in the general (20) and schizophrenia populations (21). To address these shortcomings, the following objectives for measuring anxiety validly and reliably in schizophrenia are inferred: It should account for the anxiety that is expressed within delusional content and in disturbances of perceptions, and also should be discerned from the features of schizophrenia. Moreover, it should account for both the various specified kinds of anxiety as well as undifferentiated anxiety.
Hence, Van Staden et al. developed a scale named Staden Schizophrenia Anxiety Rating Scale (S-SARS) (26), which had 3 sub-scales, including 18 items, and was explicitly used to assess the quantity of anxiety symptoms in schizophrenia patients. Each item has six narrative anchor points on a scale from 0 to 5 to indicate the severity of the anxiety during the preceding week and was accompanied by pre-designed guided questions during the interview to inform the ratings. The first part is used to assess the specific anxiety, and the first item of this sub scale is “no persecutory or nihilistic anxiety during the past 7 days,” the second item is “unclear whether persecutory or nihilistic anxiety has been present or absent, ” the third item is “The patient has been concerned about the attitude, intentions, or plans of other beings toward him/her, or the patient is afraid that life has lost its meaning for him/her, ” the fourth item is “The patient is afraid that he/she may be persecuted, or may be a victim of malicious intent, or the patient is afraid that his/her life or livelihood is drawing to an end,” the fifth item is “The patient is afraid as part of his/her belief that something bad or harmful is about to be done to him/her, or the patient is afraid as part of his/her belief that his/her life is in danger.,” the sixth item is “The patient is afraid as part of his/her belief that something bad or harmful is being done or was done to him/her, or the patient is afraid as part of his/her belief that he/she is dying, decaying, or ceasing to exist fully.” The second subscale of S-SARS consists of six items, the first item is “No anxiety attacks during the past 7 days,” the second item is “Unclear whether anxiety attacks have been present or absent,” the third item is “The patient has been concerned about things or people he/she hears, sees, feels tactually, smells or tastes, and these sensory perceptions are dreams, images, illusions, or hallucinations”, the fourth item is “The patient has been afraid of the things or people he/she hears, sees, feels tactually, smells or tastes, and these sensory perceptions are dreams, images, illusions, or hallucinations.”, the firth item is “The patient has been afraid and has been startled by the things or people he/she hears, sees, feels tactually, smells or tastes, and these sensory perceptions are dreams, images, illusions, or hallucinations.”, the sixth item is “The patient has been afraid or scared when objectively hallucinating.”. The third subscale also included 6 items, the first item is “No anxiety attacks during the past 7 days,” the second item is “Unclear whether anxiety attacks have been present or absent,” the third item is “The patient has had at least one discreet episode of intense fear without much concern about a further attack or its cause or its implications,” the fourth item is “The patient has had at least one discreet episode of intense fear, and has been concerned about a further episode or its cause or its implications,” the fifth item is “The patient has had more than one discreet episode of intense fear and has been very concerned about a further episode or its cause or its implications,” the sixth item is “The patient has had more than one discreet episode of intense fear, and has been very concerned that these episodes may be an indication of his/her impending death (26).
The three subscales of S-SARS all had the guidelines, such as “Consider all information pertaining to delusions, if present, for potential relevance,” and “Consider all information pertaining to self-worth and appraisal of own resources (livelihood) for potential relevance,” “Consider all information pertaining to dreams, images, illusions & hallucinations, if present,” and “Consider information about any discreet episodes of intense fear, even if not a “panic attack” in the strict sense, and even if the cause of the fear is known.” Simultaneously, all the three subscales had Minimum enquiries to assure the scales could be used accurately. After the S-SARS was used in clinical practices, its psychometric properties were observed to be different. Hence, the developer of S-SARS analyzed the data from these studies, pooled it separately, and reported its validity and reliability in acute and residual phases of schizophrenia. After pooled analysis, the data demonstrated a better psychometric property. They approved its validity and reliability for measuring the specified and undifferentiated anxiety in schizophrenia patients, providing an accurate measurement of anxiolytic treatment effects (1). Considering this as a reference, we tried to introduce S-SARS use in Chinese patients to protect the prognostic of the patients better.
Materials and methods
Material
Patients presenting to Wenzhou Seventh Peoples' Hospital from July 2020 to July 2021 and meeting ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia were recruited by convenience sampling. A total of 300 patients were enrolled. Duration of schizophrenia ranged from 6 to 28 months, with an average of 11.0 ± 2.5 months and with an average of 28.45 ± 4.30 years. To consider the acute phase diagnosis, the score requirement should be 60 or more through the Structured Clinical Interview for the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (27). Participants willing to be in the study should sign the informed consent form and are affirmed in an informed consent document. The ethics committee of Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital approved this study. Regarding the exclusion criteria, if they self-report or document the clinical condition as severe physical diseases history, they were excluded from the study, followed by loss of consciousness, unstable or significant medical disorders, past head injury with a neurological sequel, or intellectual disability.
Methods
The S-SARS was performed by categorizing the data into two major phases: (1) translated to the Chinese version, and (2) Psychometric evaluation of the reliability and validity of the Chinese version.
Step 1: Translated to the Chinese version
S-SARS is a free-charge scale that can be freely acquired from the related network in English and Chinese versions. For better understanding purposes, the English version of the S-SARS was translated into a Chinese version. Step-wise instructions were followed: First: To perform forward translation, two senior professional psychiatrists from the department of psychological medicine, The Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, who knew speaking native Chinese and were familiar with English, conducted the forward translation and generated the Chinese version of S-SARS.
Step 2: Back translation
An independent expert with a doctoral degree and native of English speaking also familiar with the Chinese language performed back translations. Soon after completing the back translations, they formed two English versions, i.e., one is the original S-SARS and the back-translated S-SARS). A harmonization meeting was conducted by two translators who detected the inconsistency among different versions of translations. If discrepancies were identified, then further clarification was expected from the developer to ensure the conceptual validity of all the translated versions. After the completion of harmonization, the final version of the S-SARS was completed.
Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the S-SARS evaluation
The present study was approved by the ethical committee of Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital. The psychometric properties of S-SARS included internal consistency, reliability, and test-retest reliability constructive validity. In this study, 12 senior psychiatrists independently performed the psychoanalysis of 300 patients using the Chinese version of S-SARS. The data was not shared between the evaluators. When all the data was acquired, Cronbach αand Krippendorff's α were calculated to evaluate the reliability of the Chinese version of S-SARS. Krippendorff's αwas used to test the inter-rater reliability and Cronbach αco-eficient was used to measure the scale reliability (15). The exploratory factor analysis (EPA) was applied to assess the constructive validity of the S-SARS (28). Correlation with HAMA was used to calculate the criterion validity.
Cutoff point acquired
In the present study, according to the clinical doctor's definition, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) graph curve (29) was analyzed to define the cutoff point of the severity degree of the anxiety symptoms.
Results
Reliability
The Cronbach's α of the Chinese version of S-SARS was 0.899, and Krippendorff's alpha of the Chinese version of S-SARS was 0.874; therefore, these data supported the Chinese version of S-SARS for conferring good reliability.
Validity
Through factor analysis, our data demonstrated the major factors' contribution rate, which was 69.45%. In addition, all the items of S-SARS located in one factor have a high factor load between 0.515 and 0.837. Hence, this data supports the Chinese version of S-SARS for having good constructive validity, the detailed information listed in the Table 1. The correlation coefficient of S-SARS and HAMA was 0.852; this data also suggested that S-SARS has better criterion validity.
Table 1
| Items | Factor loading | 95% confidence interval |
|---|---|---|
| 1. No persecutory or nihilistic anxiety during the past 7 days | 0.415 | 0.337–0.680 |
| 2. Unclear whether persecutory or nihilistic anxiety has been present or absent | 0.567 | 0.488–0.701 |
| 3. The patient has been concerned about the attitude, intentions, or plans of other beings toward him/her, or the patient is afraid that life has lost its meaning for him/her | 0.485 | 0.411–0.542 |
| 4. The patient is afraid that he/she may be persecuted, or may be a victim of malicious intent, or the patient is afraid that his/her life or livelihood is drawing to an end | 0.511 | 0.477–0.630 |
| 5. The patient is afraid as part of his/her belief that something bad or harmful is about to be done to him/her, or the patient is afraid as part of his/her belief that his/her life is in danger | 0.798 | 0.655–0.906 |
| 6. The patient is afraid as part of his/her belief that something bad or harmful is being done or was done to him/her, or the patient is afraid as part of his/her belief that he/she is dying, decaying, or ceasing to exist fully. | 0.793 | 0.700–0.824 |
| 7. No anxiety attacks during the past 7 days | 0.813 | 0.733–0.900 |
| 8. Unclear whether anxiety attacks have been present or absent | 0.637 | 0.598~0.700 |
| 9. The patient has been concerned about things or people he/she hears, sees, feels tactually, smells or tastes, and these sensory perceptions are dreams, images, illusions, or hallucinations | 0.552 | 0.478–0.699 |
| 10. The patient has been afraid of the things or people he/she hears, sees, feels tactually, smells or tastes, and these sensory perceptions are dreams, images, illusions, or hallucinations | 0.425 | 0.397–0.598 |
| 11. The patient has been afraid and has been startled by the things or people he/she hears, sees, feels tactually, smells or tastes, and these sensory perceptions are dreams, images, illusions, or hallucinations | 0.489 | 0.407–0.536 |
| 12. The patient has been afraid or scared when objectively hallucinating. | 0.837 | 0.759–0.903 |
| 13. No anxiety attacks during the past 7 days | 0.455 | 0.405–0.500 |
| 14. Unclear whether anxiety attacks have been present or absent | 0.753 | 0.711–0.799 |
| 15. The patient has had at least one discreet episode of intense fear without much concern about a further attack or its cause or its implications | 0.704 | 0.639–0.897 |
| 16. The patient has had at least one discreet episode of intense fear, and has been concerned about a further episode or its cause or its implications | 0.587 | 0.513–0.636 |
| 17. The patient has had more than one discreet episode of intense fear and has been very concerned about a further episode or its cause or its implications | 0.636 | 0.578–0.877 |
| 18. The patient has had more than one discreet episode of intense fear, and has been very concerned that these episodes may be an indication of his/her impending death | 0.700 | 0.544–0.811 |
Factor loading display.
Cutoff point
Experienced by ROC, our data demonstrated that the S-SARS score was ≥6 mild severity anxiety syndrome with good sensitivity and specificity of 0.942 and 0.759, respectively, and an AUC of 0.676. If S-SARS is ≥ 12, schizophrenia patients should suffer from severe anxiety syndrome, and the sensitivity and specificity were found to be 0.919 and 0.855, respectively, with 0.799 AUC (29).
Discussion
Till now, recent review findings have found that there is no apparatus to measure anxiety accurately in the Chinese patients with schizophrenia. However, the present study was conducted to check the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of S-SARS. The reliability evaluation results showed that S-SARS had a high consistency among different assessments from different doctors and had a good internal consistency of the scale. The evaluation results demonstrated that the S-SARS scale's structural validity was also ideal. ROC curve showed that when the scale score was ≥6, the patients usually suffered from mild severity of S-SARS within the last week. If the S-SARS score is ≥12, the patients should show the symptoms of severe S-SARS within the last week (30, 31). More notably, the correlation analysis with HAMA showed that S-SARS could be used as an index to assess the anxiety and severity in schizophrenic patients.
In this study, the sensitivity and specificity were considered, and it was suggested that the standard for clinical use should be ≥6 points. 45.7% of workers were observed to have mild anxiety severity within the last week. When the threshold for clinical use is stable by 12 points, 25.4% of the patients were observed to have severe anxiety severity within the last week; when the S-SARS range was between 6 to12, 28.7% of workers had moderate anxiety severity. The score of S-SARS positively correlated with the HAMA scores, r = 0.891, P < 0.05. Therefore, when used in further clinical and research practice, S-SARS properties might improve the accurate measurement of anxiety in schizophrenia patients. The S-SARS measures both the specified anxiety disorders and also undifferentiated anxiety disorders. However, it merely measures one of the specified anxiety disorders. Several beneficial reasons exist while measuring anxiety accurately in schizophrenia patients; it improves and clarifies various clinical and research reasons. When such anxiety is overlooked, it increases the schizophrenia burden in a patient by conferring a negative impact on the quality of life (18), functioning (19, 25), overall psychopathology, and the severity of comorbid medical conditions (20).
In the clinical practices, anxiety in schizophrenia may compound the morbidity and mortality similar to that of syndromal anxiety. Syndromal anxiety negatively impacts the quality of life (18), functioning (25), overall psychopathology and the severity of comorbid medical conditions (20). Increased rates of relapse, more frequent and longer duration of hospitalizations, poorer response to pharmacological treatments, substance abuse, negative attribution style, suicide and suicide attempts has been associated with anxiety in schizophrenia (21). In addition, anxiety is difficult to recognize during an acute phase of schizophrenia owing to the psychotic symptoms of this phase (12, 21). Further, anxiety may be clinically difficult to distinguish from the common extrapyramidal side effect of anti-psychotic medication, akathisia (7). Again, psychotic features and akathisia may exacerbate anxiety and vice versa (12, 21). Similarly, comorbid depressive features correlate with anxiety both in the general (8) and schizophrenia populations (9). Considering these complexities in acute-phase schizophrenia (14), more studies need to be conducted on the role of psychotic symptoms, akathisia and depressive features in verifying whether undifferentiated anxiety is empirically discernible from syndromal anxiety and no anxiety. Verifying undifferentiated anxiety in schizophrenic patients would warrant further research into its prevalence, contribution to morbidity, etiology and treatment.
Conclusions
The above data showed that the S-SARS has proved to be a good prognostic marker in evaluating the reliability and validity and has better sensitivity and specificity to assess the severity of anxiety in schizophrenic patients within the last week. Therefore, the Chinese version of S-SARS can be applied to measure the anxiety severity within schizophrenic patients within the last week, to provide useful information to give tailored treatment to these patients as early as possible by improving the prognostic features of these patients.
Funding
This work was sponsored by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81871052 and 82171503), the Key Projects of the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (17JCZDJC35700), the Tianjin Health Bureau Foundation (2014KR02), and the Tianjin Science and Technology Bureau (15JCYBJC50800).
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary materials, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author contributions
CD, JC, and HT: conceptualization, methodology, analysis, software, investigation, and writing/original draft preparation. WT, LC, and JL: software, analysis, writing/reviewing, and editing. DZ, XC, and JZ: software, investigation, writing/reviewing, and editing. XM, DJ, and CZ: conceptualization and supervision. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Acknowledgments
We express our heartfelt thanks to Werdie Van Staden and Antonia Dlagnekova (Centre for Ethics and Philosophy of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa) for authorized to permitted us to use the BAWS. We would like to thank all participants for their contributions to this study.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Summary
Keywords
S-SARS, Chinese version, reliability, validity, anxiety, schizophrenia
Citation
Du C, Chen J, Ma X, Tu W, Chen L, Liu J, Zhou D, Chen X, Zhang J, Tian H, Zhuo C and Jiang D (2022) Testing the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the Staden schizophrenia anxiety rating scale. Front. Psychiatry 13:992745. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.992745
Received
13 July 2022
Accepted
19 August 2022
Published
20 September 2022
Volume
13 - 2022
Edited by
Lindy-Lou Boyette, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
Reviewed by
Bao-Liang Zhong, Wuhan Mental Health Center, China; Cao Qingjiu, Peking University Sixth Hospital, China
Updates
Copyright
© 2022 Du, Chen, Ma, Tu, Chen, Liu, Zhou, Chen, Zhang, Tian, Zhuo and Jiang.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Hongjun Tian thj-home@163.comDeguo Jiang jdgjl@yahoo.cnChuanjun Zhuo chuanjunzhuotjmh@163.com; chuanjunzhuo@nankai.edu.cn
†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship
This article was submitted to Schizophrenia, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.