Catalog of 3 < z < 5.5 Quasar Candidates Selected among XMM-Newton Sources and Its Spectroscopic Verification

1. Introduction

Searching for quasars at z > 3 is one of the key elements of studying the growth history of supermassive black holes and the evolution of massive galaxies in the Universe. For this purpose, multiwavelength observations of a large number of quasars are needed. Particularly valuable are X-ray observations: the intensive X-ray emission is directly connected with powerful processes of accretion onto the black hole. In order to improve our fairly poor knowledge of the evolution of the X-ray luminosity function of quasars at z > 3, larger X-ray samples of distant quasars are needed.

We have made an attempt to obtain a large sample of luminous X-ray quasars at z > 3 in the fields of the serendipitous XMM-Newton 3XMM-DR4 (Watson et al., 2009) survey at Galactic latitudes |b| > 20° using photometric data from SDSS (Eisenstein et al., 2011), 2MASS (Skrutskie et al., 2006) and WISE (Wright et al., 2010). The 3XMM-DR4/SDSS overlapping area is ~300 sq. deg, exceeding by several times the areas covered by known samples of distant X-ray quasars such as Champ (Kalfountzou et al., 2014) and XMM-XXL (north) (Menzel et al., 2016). The sample of Kalfountzou et al. (2014) covers ≈33 sq. deg and includes 87 X-ray selected optically bright (detected by SDSS) quasars. Half of them have photometric redshifts only. The spectroscopic program of (Menzel et al., 2016) has revealed 61 X-ray objects at z_spec > 3 in a 18 sq. deg subfield of XMM-XXL (north). Our sample thus provides an opportunity to study a population of rare high-luminosity, distant quasars and complements recent studies of less luminous high-redshift quasars conducted using deep small-area surveys (e.g., Onoue et al., 2017; Ricci et al., 2017; Vito et al., 2017).

It should be noted that SDSS spectroscopic data provide redshift measurements for 33 thousand optically selected quasars at z_spec > 3 (Alam et al., 2015) over 11,000 sq. deg in the sky. However, existing wide-area X-ray surveys are too shallow to study these objects. It is only the forthcoming all-sky X-ray survey by eROSITA aboard the Spektrum-Roentgen-Gamma observatory (Pavlinsky et al., 2011; Merloni et al., 2012) that will be capable of finding X-ray counterparts for a substantial fraction of known quasars at z_spec > 3.

Based on broadband photometry, we obtained photometric redshift estimates (z_phot) and compiled a catalog of 903 candidates for distant quasars with z_phot > 2.75 (Khorunzhev et al., 2016). The catalog includes 515 known quasars (with spectroscopic redshifts, of which 266 are at z_spec > 3) and 388 new quasar candidates. Most (80%) of the spectroscopic redshifts have been obtained by SDSS (Alam et al., 2015). The remaining z_spec have been gathered from various sources (Flesch, 2015). The new quasar candidates selected by z_phot constitute a substantial addition to the spectroscopic sample. Thus, if most of these candidates prove to be quasars at z > 3, the existing 3XMM-DR4/SDSS sample of distant quasars will be enhanced by a factor of ~1.5.

Spectroscopic verification is necessary to determine the accuracy of our z_phot estimates and assess the purity of our selection of quasar candidates. We have thus started a spectroscopy identification program for the new quasar candidates (Khorunzhev et al., 2017). Some initial results of this program are reported below.

2. Sample Selection

K16 considered point SDSS sources at Galactic latitudes |b| > 20° that have an X-ray counterpart in 3XMM-DR4¹. In addition, we used near- (2MASS) and medium-infrared (WISE) photometry if available. To keep sources with reliable photometry and to get rid of M-dwarfs, we applied the following condition:

$\begin{array}{cc}\delta m_{z\prime }<0.2\&i\prime -z\prime <0.6,& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

where i′ and z′ are the PSF magnitudes in the appropriate SDSS bands and $\delta m_{z^{\prime }}<0.2$ is the corresponding error. This is a well-known technique (e.g., Richards et al., 2002; Wu et al., 2012; Skrzypek et al., 2015) for separating M-dwarfs from distant quasars. Stars have i′ − z′ > 0.8, while quasars have i′ − z′ < 0.4. This color remains approximately constant up to a redshift of ≈5.5, until the Lyα line passes from i′ to z′. The color of quasars then becomes i′ − z′ ≈ 2.

We then performed a broadband energy distribution fitting using the EAZY software (Brammer et al., 2008) to obtain photometric redshift estimates. We made two fitting iterations for each object using libraries of quasar (by various authors) and star (Pickles, 1998) templates. Those objects with

$\begin{array}{cc}{\chi }_{star}^2/{\chi }_{qso}^2>1\&z_{phot}>2.75,& \left(2\right)\end{array}$

finally constituted our catalog of 903 candidates for distant quasars selected by photometric redshift. At the same time, our procedure missed 63 known quasars at z_spec > 3 (see Figure 1). Note that we lowered the threshold of selection from z_phot = 3.0 to 2.75 to achieve reasonable selection completeness at z ~ 3.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Scatter plot of z_spec relative to z_phot for point objects (having an error $\delta z_{psf}^{\prime }<0.2$ and spectroscopic SDSS redshift z_spec < 5.5). Light gray dots denote all SDSS sources. Black symbols are K16 objects with known redshift at the time of catalog compilation. Red symbols are objects whose spectra were obtained afterwards at AZT-33IK. The dash–dotted lines limit the area of z_phot catastrophic outliers. The vertical dotted line at z_phot = 2.75 denotes the K16 low z_phot boundary of selection. The horizontal dotted line (z_spec = 3.0) denotes our target z_spec boundary for distant quasars.

The completeness of our catalog in the investigated fields relative to existing spectroscopic catalogs of quasars (SDSS DR12 Alam et al. 2015 and The Half Million Quasars Flesch 2015) with z_spec > 3 is about 80%. The normalized median absolute deviation of photometric redshift estimates for the spectroscopically confirmed quasars (Δz = |z_spec − z_phot|) is σ_{Δz/(1+zspec)} = 0.07, while the catastrophic outlier fraction is η = 9% (when Δz/(1+z_spec) > 0.2).

3. Spectroscopic Verification

We have performed a quasi-random spectroscopic survey of quasar candidates from the K16 catalog at the 1.6-m AZT-33IK telescope (Kamus et al., 2002; Denisenko et al., 2009) equipped with the low- and medium-resolution ADAM spectrograph (Afanasiev et al., 2016; Burenin et al., 2016). A number of additional observations were conducted with the SCORPIO I (Afanasiev and Moiseev, 2005) spectrograph at the 6-m BTA telescope.

3.1. Observations at the AZT-33IK Telescope

The AZT-33IK telescope is located at the Sayan Solar Observatory of the Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, the Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and has a primary mirror diameter of 1.6 m. The low- and medium-resolution ADAM spectrograph was produced at the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences and was installed on AZT-33IK in 2015. The quantum efficiency of the entire system (telescope mirror, spectrograph, grating and CCD array) reaches 50% (Burenin et al., 2016). The ADAM spectrograph allows the spectra of objects with an apparent magnitude R ~ 19.5 to be taken with an exposure time of half an hour. If necessary and under good weather conditions, a magnitude I ~ 21 can be reached with an exposure time of two hours.

By now, we have obtained the spectroscopic redshifts for 48 quasar candidates, i.e more than 10% of such objects in the K16 catalog. Approximately 60% of the observed objects proved to be quasars at z_spec ≳ 2.5, of which 16 have z_spec > 3. We found 4 new spectroscopically confirmed quasars at z_spec > 4, of which one, 3XMM J125329.4+305539 is at z_spec = 5.08.

3.2. Discovery of a Quasar at z = 5.08

3XMM J125329.4+305539 was first reported (Khorunzhev et al., 2016) as a probable quasar at z_phot = 4.64 in the K16 catalog, and there was no information about this source in other photometric catalogs of quasar candidates². Its SDSS apparent magnitude is i′ ≃21.0. Its 0.5–2 keV flux is 1.5 × 10⁻¹⁵ erg/s/cm² and the corresponding X-ray luminosity is 4 × 10⁴⁴ erg/s (without k-correction).

Apart from this source, there are only 3 optically bright (i.e., with reliable SDSS photometry) X-ray quasars at z_spec > 5.0, which are not XMM-Newton observational targets, in the 3XMM-DR4 catalog. Thus, 3XMM J125329.4+305539 is one of the brightest and most distant X-ray quasars at z_spec > 5.0 suitable for constructing the X-ray luminosity function at such redshifts.

3.3. Purity and Selection Completeness

We can estimate the purity of the K16 catalog using the obtained quasi-random spectroscopic sample. Consider the following photometric redshift intervals: 2.75 ≤ z_phot < 4, 4 ≤ z_phot < 5 and 5 ≤ z_phot < 5.5. By purity we mean the ratio of the number of true quasars (|z_phot − z_spec|/(1 + z_spec) < 0.2) to that of all objects with available spectra. Here, the value 0.2 reflects the scatter (3 standard deviations) of z_phot relative to z_spec for all of the known and spectroscopically confirmed quasars in the K16 catalog. The purity of the spectroscopic sample calculated in this way is shown in Figure 2 (circles).

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. Circles with Poissonian errorbars indicate the purity of the quasar candidates whose spectra have been taken at AZT-33IK or BTA. The arrows indicate the estimated lower limit for the purity of the K16 catalog relative to the objects with known (from literature or SDSS) spectroscopic redshifts.

For comparison, the arrows in Figure 2 indicate the lower limit on the purity of the K16 catalog estimated at the time of its compilation (before our AZT-33IK observations). This limit was deduced as the ratio of the number of true quasars with known spectroscopic redshifts and |z_phot − z_spec|/(1 + z_spec) < 0.2 to the total number of objects in the catalog. Recall that the new candidates without spectroscopic redshifts accounted for about 40% of the K16 catalog.

Based on these preliminary results, we can expect ~250 quasars at z ≳ 3 to be firmly identified upon completion of the spectroscopy of all new quasar candidates from the K16 catalog. This would significantly increase the sample of known distant X-ray quasars.

4. Conclusion

The obtained spectra of dosens of quasars at z ~ 3 and especially the discovery of one of the most distant X-ray selected quasars (3XMM J125329.4+305539) at z_spec = 5.08 demonstrate that the AZT-33IK telescope of the Sayan Solar Observatory equipped with the new ADAM spectrograph is well suited for identification of distant quasars. This telescope is planned to be one of the instruments employed for optical support of the upcoming all-sky X-ray survey by the Spektrum-Roentgen-Gamma observatory (with its eROSITA and ART-XC telescopes, Pavlinsky et al., 2011; Merloni et al., 2012).

We have demonstrated that the existing sample of distant X-ray quasars can be substationally increased using publicly available X-ray (XMM-Newton) and optical photometry (SDSS) data, complemented by a relatively low-cost spectroscopic identification program.

We are continuing our spectroscopic verification program for K16 candidates using the AZT-33IK and BTA telescopes and intend to obtain a complete spectroscopic sample at least for brighter X-ray sources from the K16 catalog.

Author Contributions

GK provided key contributions to the compilation of the catalog, spectroscopic observations, data analysis and writing of this paper. SS supervised the research at all stages. RB contributed to the aquisition and processing of spectroscopic data. ME organized spectroscopic observations at AZT-33IK.

Funding

The observations at the 6-m BTA telescope were financially supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (contract no. 14.619.21.0004, project identifier RFMEFI61914X0004).

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

This research was partially supported by the Program of the President of the Russian Federation for support of leading scientific schools (grant NSh-10222.2016.2).

This research is based on observations obtained with XMM-Newton, an ESA science mission with instruments and contributions directly funded by ESA Member States and NASA. Also, we used SDSS-III, 2MASS, WISE data. Funding for SDSS-III has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Science Foundation, and the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. The Two Micron All Sky Survey is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation. The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer is a joint project of the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Footnotes

1. ^http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/W3Browse/xmm-newton/xmmssc.html

2. ^http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr

References

Afanasiev, V. L., Dodonov, S. N., Amirkhanyan, V. R., and Moiseev, A. V. (2016). ADAM low- and medium-resolution spectrograph for 1.6-m AZT-33IK telescope. Astrophys. Bull. 71, 479–488. doi: 10.1134/S1990341316040118

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Afanasiev, V. L., and Moiseev, A. V. (2005). The SCORPIO Universal Focal Reducer of the 6-m Telescope. Astron. Lett. 31, 194–204. doi: 10.1134/1.1883351

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Alam, S., Albareti, F. D., Allende Prieto, C., Anders, F., Anderson, S. F., Anderton, T., et al. (2015). The eleventh and twelfth data releases of the sloan digital sky survey: final data from SDSS-III. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 219:12. doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/219/1/12

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Brammer, G., van Dokkum, P., and Coppi, P. (2008). EAZY: a fast, public photometric redshift code. Astrophysics 686, 1503–1513. doi: 10.1086/591786

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Burenin, R. A., Amvrosov, A. L., Eselevich, M. V., Grigor'ev, V. M., Aref'ev, V. A., Vorob'ev, V. S., et al. (2016). Observational capabilities of the new medium- and low-resolution spectrograph at the 1.6-m telescope of the Sayan Observatory. Astron. Lett. 42, 295–306. doi: 10.1134/S1063773716050017

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Denisenko, S. A., Kamus, S. F., Pimenov, Y. D., Tergoev, V. I., and Papushev, P. G. (2009). The AZT-33VM fast, wide-aperture telescope. J. Opt. Technol. 76, 629–631. doi: 10.1364/JOT.76.000629

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Eisenstein, D. J., Weinberg, D. H., Agol, E., Aihara, H., Allende Prieto, C., Anderson, S. F., et al. (2011). SDSS-III: Massive Spectroscopic Surveys of the Distant Universe, the Milky Way, and Extra-Solar Planetary Systems. Astron. J. 142:72. doi: 10.1088/0004-6256/142/3/72

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Flesch, E. W. (2015). The Half Million Quasars (HMQ) Catalogue. Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 32:e010. doi: 10.1017/pasa.2015.10

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kalfountzou, E., Civano, F., Elvis, M., Trichas, M., and Green, P. (2014). The largest X-ray-selected sample of z>3 AGNs: C-COSMOS and ChaMP. Month. Notices R. Astron. Soc. 445, 1430–1448. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stu1745

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kamus, S. F., Denisenko, S. A., Lipin, N. A., Tergoev, V. I., Papushev, P. G., Druzhinin, S. A., et al. (2002). The AZT-33VM fast, wide-aperture telescope. J. Opt. Technol. 69:674. doi: 10.1364/JOT.69.000674

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Khorunzhev, G., Burenin, R., Mescheryakov, A., and Sazonov, S. (2016). Catalog of candidates for quasars at 3 < z < 5.5 selected among X-Ray sources from the 3XMM-DR4 survey of the XMM-Newton observatory. Astron. Lett. 42, 277–294. doi: 10.1134/S1063773716050042

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Khorunzhev, G. A., Burenin, R. A., Sazonov, S. Y., Amvrosov, A. L., and Eselevich, M. V. (2017). Optical spectroscopy of candidates for quasars at 3 < z < 5.5 from the XMM-newton X-ray survey. A distant X-ray quasar at z = 5.08. Astron. Lett. 43, 135–145. doi: 10.1134/S1063773717030045

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Menzel, M.-L., Merloni, A., Georgakakis, A., Salvato, M., Aubourg, E., Brandt, W. N., et al. (2016). A spectroscopic survey of X-ray-selected AGNs in the northern XMM-XXL field. Month. Notices R. Astron. Soc. 457, 110–132. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stv2749

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Merloni, A., Predehl, P., Becker, W., Böhringer, H., Boller, T., Brunner, H., et al. (2012). eROSITA Science Book: Mapping the Structure of the Energetic Universe. ArXiv e-prints.

Google Scholar

Onoue, M., Kashikawa, N., Willott, C. J., Hibon, P., Im, M., Furusawa, H., et al. (2017). Minor Contribution of Quasars to Ionizing Photon Budget at z ~ 6: Update on Quasar Luminosity Function at the Faint End with Subaru/Suprime-Cam. Astrophys. J. Lett. 847:L15. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/aa8cc6

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pavlinsky, M., Akimov, V., Levin, V., Lapshov, I., Tkachenko, A., Semena, N., et al. (2011). “The ART-XC instrument on board the SRG mission,” in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, Vol. 8147 of Proc. SPIE (San Diego, CA), 814706.

Pickles, A. J. (1998). A Stellar Spectral Flux Library: 1150-25000 Å. PASP 110, 863–878.

Google Scholar

Ricci, F., Marchesi, S., Shankar, F., La Franca, F., and Civano, F. (2017). Constraining the UV emissivity of AGN throughout cosmic time via X-ray surveys. Month. Notices R. Astron. Soc. 465, 1915–1925. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stw2909

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Richards, G. T., Fan, X., Newberg, H. J., Strauss, M. A., Vanden Berk, D. E., et al. (2002). Spectroscopic target selection in the sloan digital sky survey: the quasar sample. Astron. J. 123, 2945–2975. doi: 10.1086/340187

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Skrutskie, M. F., Cutri, R. M., Stiening, R., Weinberg, M. D., Schneider, S., Carpenter, J. M., et al. (2006). The two micron all sky survey (2MASS). 131, 1163–1183. doi: 10.1086/498708

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Skrzypek, N., Warren, S. J., Faherty, J. K., Mortlock, D. J., Burgasser, A. J., and Hewett, P. C. (2015). Photometric brown-dwarf classification. I. A method to identify and accurately classify large samples of brown dwarfs without spectroscopy. Astron. Astrophys. 574:A78. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201424570

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Vito, F., Brandt, W. N., Yang, G., Gilli, R., Luo, B., Vignali, C., et al. (2017). High-redshift AGN in the Chandra Deep Fields: the obscured fraction and space density of the sub-L_* population. ArXiv e-prints.

Google Scholar

Watson, M. G., Schröder, A. C., Fyfe, D., Page, C. G., Lamer, G., Mateos, S., et al. (2009). The XMM-Newton serendipitous survey. V. The Second XMM-Newton serendipitous source catalogue. Astron. Astrophys. 493, 339–373. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:200810534

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Wright, E. L., Eisenhardt, P. R. M., Mainzer, A. K., Ressler, M. E., Cutri, R. M., Jarrett, T., et al. (2010). The wide-field infrared survey explorer (WISE): mission description and initial on-orbit performance. 140, 1868–1881. doi: 10.1088/0004-6256/140/6/1868

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Wu, X.-B., Hao, G., Jia, Z., Zhang, Y., and Peng, N. (2012). SDSS Quasars in the WISE Preliminary Data Release and Quasar Candidate Selection with Optical/Infrared Colors. Astron. J. 144:49. doi: 10.1088/0004-6256/144/2/49

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar