Label-Free Mass Spectrometry-Based Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of Serum Proteins During Early Pregnancy in Jennies (Equus asinus)

Introduction

Donkey (Equus asinus), a member of the equids, provides substantial societal benefits to humans (1). Considering its novel and evolving role in milk, meat, and skin production and in animal-assisted therapy, there has been a renewed interest in this species. A decline in donkey population and genetic diversity has become a global trend; thus, successful pregnancies are essential for maintaining effective population size and genetic diversity (2). Pregnancy in jennies (female donkeys) can be determined by palpation per rectum at around 40 days after ovulation (3) or by ultrasonography at around 10 days after ovulation (4). Steroid hormone variations in the blood of pregnant jennies have been previously investigated. Detecting progesterone and estradiol concentrations in the blood, plasma, and serum has become a method for pregnancy diagnosis in jennies (5).

There is a relatively high concentration of proteins present in the blood, plasma, and serum. The serum concentration of proteins in donkeys is 58–82 g/L (6). Molecular events are regulated by the expression of proteins in the blood. Thus, blood proteome could be used to understand biological mechanisms at a molecular level. The blood, plasma, and serum are widely utilized for diagnostic purposes in clinical practice (7) and for the discovery of novel biomarkers (8).

With the development of proteomics, different fractions of the blood proteome can now be analyzed in detail. Thus far, several proteomics approaches have been widely and effectively applied to explore the blood proteome of equids. Two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis is routinely used for assessing quantitative changes in serum and/or plasma proteins of horses, such as for establishing the serum protein map (9, 10), evaluating changes in plasma proteins after prolonged physical exercise (11), and comparing differences in serum protein expression profiles between distinct breeds (12). Henze et al. (13) evaluated genetic differences in the serum proteome of horses, donkeys, and mules using surface-enhanced laser desorption–ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MS), and they found considerable differences in the proteome of horses and donkeys and that the proteome of mules showed a higher similarity to donkeys than to that of horses.

It is well-known that there is an increase in blood protein synthesis during pregnancy (14). In several species, factors that help diagnose pregnancy have been subjected to in-depth research using proteomics. Some previous studies used high-resolution 2D gel electrophoresis in bovine (15, 16) and buffaloes (17) to identify potential pregnancy-specific markers in the serum and plasma. Furthermore, in pregnant women who delivered at term, Scholl et al. (18) used two-dimensional difference in-gel electrophoresis as well as isotope tagging for relative and absolute quantitation to assess changes in relative protein abundance between paired serum samples collected in the first and third trimesters.

A remarkable feature of equine pregnancy is the development of the invasive trophoblast of the chorionic girdle and its formation of gonadotrophin-secreting endometrial cup cells in early pregnancy. Equine chorionic gonadotropin, the main secretory product of the endometrial cups, is secreted during days 40–150 of pregnancy (19). During this period, numerous proteins are involved in the process of fetomaternal interactions. To the best of our knowledge, there are no published data on serum proteins during early pregnancy in jennies. Thus, using label-free MS-based quantitative proteomics, we herein aimed to identify specific serum proteins during early pregnancy in jennies.

Materials and Methods

Animals and Sampling

We used Liaoxi donkeys in this study (20). Nine pregnant jennies at day 45 after ovulation and nine non-pregnant jennies (aged 4–8 years) were randomly chosen at a breeding farm in Liaoning Province, China. The animals were considered healthy based on veterinarian records, physical examination, and reproductive tract examination performed by transrectal palpation and ultrasonography. A “B mode” ultrasound scanner equipped with a 7.0 MHz linear array multi-frequency transducer (WED-3000, Shenzhen WELLD, China) was used to monitor ovarian and uterine activity during estrus and pregnancy. The presence of a preovulatory follicle (≥3.5 cm) indicated impending ovulation. Artificial insemination was performed on the day of ovulation, using fresh semen from the same fertile jack donkey. The animals were first examined for pregnancy 12–15 days after ovulation, and re-examined at 40 and 45 days after ovulation to confirm the pregnancy status. Nine jennies that continued pregnancy to 45 days after ovulation were included into the “pregnant group” (P group). Further, nine jennies that repeated their cyclic estrous activity 21–22 days after the last estrus were included into the “non-pregnant group” (NP group). All jennies were maintained in a stable and outdoor paddock with ad libitum access to a mixture of cereal straw and grass hay, maize, bran, peas, minerals, vitamins, and water.

Blood samples from the P and NP groups were collected at day 45 after ovulation, and obtained immediately after confirming the non-pregnant state, respectively. Blood samples were collected at 9–10 am. The blood was drawn from the jugular vein and dispensed into 10-mL disposable vacuum tubes (BD Vacutainer, USA) without an anticoagulant. Within 1 h of collection, the samples were centrifuged at 3,000 g for 10 min at 4°C, and the serum thus obtained was stored at −80°C until needed. This study was conducted with the approval of Shenyang Agricultural University Animal Care and Use Committee (Permit no.: 201906025).

Protein Extraction and Digestion

To avoid the influence of individual differences on serum proteins, the nine serum samples obtained from each group were randomly divided into three subgroups. The three serum samples (10 μL/sample) within each subgroup were equally pooled to obtain three biological replicates from each group. Proteins were extracted using SDT lysis buffer (4% SDS, 100 mM DTT, 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0), and protein concentration was determined using the BCA protein assay kit (Bio-Rad, USA). The protein samples were digested with trypsin, in accordance with the filter-aided sample preparation method (21). The digested peptides of each sample were desalted on C18 cartridges [Empore™ SPE C18 Cartridges (standard density), 7 mm bed I.D., 3 mL volume, Sigma], concentrated by vacuum centrifugation, and reconstituted in 40 μL of 0.1% (v/v) formic acid.

Liquid Chromatography (LC)–Electrospray Ionization (ESI)–Tandem MS (MS/MS)

LC–ESI–MS/MS was performed on a Q-Exactive Plus mass spectrometer coupled with an EASY 1200 nano-LC System (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany). LC–ESI–MS/MS settings were the same as those stated in a previous study (22). Briefly, 3 μg of the peptide mixture was first loaded onto a trap column (100 μm inner diameter, 20 mm long, 5 μm resin, C18, Dr. Maisch GmbH, Ammerbuch, Germany) in buffer A (0.1% formic acid in water). Reversed-phase high-performance LC was then performed with the EASY 1200 nano LC System (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) using a self-packed column (75 μm inner diameter, 150 mm long, 3 μm ReproSil-Pur C18 beads, 120 Å, Dr. Maisch GmbH, Ammerbuch, Germany), and the peptide mixture was separated with a linear gradient of buffer B (0.1% formic acid in 85% acetonitrile) at a flow rate of 300 nL/min controlled by IntelliFlow for 120 min. MS/MS data were acquired using a data-dependent top 20 method by dynamically choosing the most abundant precursor ions. The survey scans were selected with an isolation window of 1.6 Thomson and fragmented by higher energy collisional dissociation with a normalized collision energy of 27 eV. The maximum ion injection times for the survey and MS/MS scans were 50 ms, and the ion target values were set to 1e6 and 1e5, respectively. Selected sequenced ions were dynamically excluded for 60 s.

Sequence Database Searching and Protein Quantification

Raw MS data were analyzed using MaxQuant v1.6.0.16 and searched against UniProtKB Equus (28,987 total entries, downloaded on 15/09/2019 from http://www.uniprot.org). The initial search peptide tolerance and mass tolerance were set at 20 ppm for fragment ions. The main search peptide tolerance was 4.5 ppm. The search was performed based on an enzymatic cleavage rule of trypsin/P, and a maximum of two missed cleavage sites were allowed (21). The carbamidomethylation of cysteine residues was defined as a fixed modification, while protein N-terminal acetylation and methionine oxidation were specified as variable modifications for database searching. The false discovery rate for both peptide and protein identification was set to be <0.01 (23). Protein identification was supported by at least one unique peptide identification.

Statistical and Bioinformatics Analysis

Differential proteins were analyzed for significant up- or downregulation, which was assessed using the R statistical computing software (v 3.2.1). Protein abundance information was collected to have at least two valid expression values in each group. Normality was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. This exploratory analysis of the dataset showed that the variables were normally distributed; thus, the independent samples t-test was used to determine statistical significance for comparison between the P and NP groups. The significantly differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were further inspected and the ones with a differential expression ratio of ≥1.5-fold or ≤0.66-fold (P < 0.05) were retained.

Analyses of bioinformatics data were performed with Perseus (24), Microsoft Excel, and R statistical computing software. The protein sequences of selected DEPs were extracted from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot (25), gene ontology (GO) terms, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database (http://geneontology.org/). GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were applied on the basis of Fisher's exact test in which whole quantified protein annotations were considered as background dataset, and only functional categories and pathways with P < 0.05 were recognized as significant. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) information of DEPs was retrieved using the STRING (http://string-db.org/) database and Cytoscape software (26).

Results

Identification and Quantification of the Serum Proteome

We herein used the label-free MS-based quantitative proteomics to investigate serum proteins in jennies, which led to the identification of 295 proteins (Supplementary Table 1) in the serum of early pregnant and non-pregnant jennies with a high confidence level (≥1 unique peptides with false discovery rate of <1%). Overall, 275 proteins were common between the P and NP groups. Of the 295 proteins that were quantified, 27.1% (80/295) were inferred from one peptide, and 22.0% (65/295) were proteins with >11 unique peptides (Figure 1). The molecular weight of the identified proteins ranged from 1.53 to 881.23 kDa. Albumin, α-2-macroglobulin, serotransferrin, apolipoprotein A1, and haptoglobin were the major serum proteins. Detailed information pertaining to the identified 2,569 peptides is shown in Supplementary Table 2.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Unique peptides for the identified proteins.

Differentially Expressed Serum Protein Profiles

Twenty-five proteins (22 upregulated and three downregulated) were found to be significantly differentially expressed between the P and NP groups (≥1.5-fold, Student's t-test, P < 0.05) (Table 1, Supplementary Table 3). Among the 25 DEPs, 12 (10 upregulated and two downregulated) were common between the P and NP groups. According to the fold change and P-value between the groups, a volcano plot was drawn to illustrate significant differences (Figure 2). In addition, among the 25 DEPs, there were 12 and one proteins that were uniquely expressed in the P and NP groups, respectively.

TABLE 1

Table 1. Differentially expressed proteins in the serum of early pregnant (P group) and non-pregnant (NP group) jennies.

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. A volcano plot of common proteins identified in the serum of early pregnant and non-pregnant jennies. This plot was drawn on the basis of the fold change and P-value between the P and NP groups. Red and green dots represent upregulated and downregulated common proteins, respectively (fold change ≥1.5 and P < 0.05). Gray dots represent proteins without any difference.

Bioinformatics Analysis of DEPs

The 25 DEPs were classified into three distinctive functional sets through GO enrichment analysis, namely biological process (BP), cellular component (CC), and molecular function (MF) (Figure 3), with a corrected statistically significant level (P < 0.05) based on Fisher's exact test. The most prevalent BPs were response to stimulus, regulation of cellular process, protein metabolic process, and proteolysis. The most enriched CCs were extracellular region, vesicle, extracellular organelle, and extracellular space, and in the MF category, DEPs were mainly involved in binding, enzyme inhibitor activity, and enzyme regulator activity.

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. GO enrichment analyses of DEPs identified in the serum of early pregnant and non-pregnant jennies. Most proteins could be divided into three major categories: biological process, cellular component, and molecular function.

The 25 DEPs were related to 17 KEGG pathways; the first 10 pathways are shown in Figure 4. The prevalent pathways related to DEPs were involved in bladder cancer, ovarian steroidogenesis, malaria, p53 signaling, prolactin signaling, TGF-beta signaling, and GnRH signaling. Detailed information on the functional enrichment of DEPs is present in Supplementary Table 4.

FIGURE 4

Figure 4. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of DEPs identified in the serum of early pregnant and non-pregnant jennies.

PPI Analysis

Color-coded networks were generated to represent different types of evidence for the biological crosslink between DEPs. The networks contained nine DEPs, and the core factors were fibronectin (FN1), fibrinogen-like 1 (FGL1), and thrombospondin 1 (THBS1). These three proteins were connected by 2–5 nodes (Figure 5).

FIGURE 5

Figure 5. Protein–protein interaction network analysis based on DEPs in the P group vs. the NP group.

Discussion

Serum proteins during early pregnancy in jennies have not been previously investigated. In this study, we generated proteome profiles of the serum obtained from jennies using label-free MS-based quantitative proteomics, which led to the identification of 25 DEPs. This is the first comprehensive study to explore the potential biological significance of DEPs between early pregnant and non-pregnant jennies, providing valuable insights into pregnancy-specific serum proteins that could be applied for developing pregnancy diagnostic markers in early pregnant jennies.

The label-free MS-based quantitative proteomics method, i.e., spectral counting, compares the number of mass spectra assigned to each protein (27). It offers several advantages such as high sensitivity, real-time measurements, rapid and multiplexed detection, larger quantification dynamic range, and improved reproducibility (28), as compared with the low identification rate of the 2D gel electrophoresis method (27). The label-free MS-based quantitative proteomics method has thus emerged as a promising technique for quantitative protein profiling of complex biological samples, such as serum (29).

Several proteomics-based studies involving various animal species have reported the identification of potential pregnancy-specific serum proteins. These studies have mostly used high-resolution 2D gel electrophoresis and MS for this purpose (15–17). Four differentially expressed serum proteins, namely transferrin, albumin, IgG2a heavy chain constant region, and immunoglobulin gamma heavy chain variable region, were identified as pregnancy-specific proteins in Holstein dairy cattle by 2D gel electrophoresis plus matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time of flight (MALDI–TOF) MS (15). In another study, 2D fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis plus MALDI-TOF MS were used to analyze serum proteins obtained from Holstein dairy cattle, which led to the identification of 16 DEPs spots; among them, upregulated proteins, such as conglutinin precursor, modified bovine fibrinogen, and IgG1, and downregulated proteins, such as hemoglobin, complement component 3, bovine fibrinogen, and IgG2a heavy chain constant region, were considered as pregnancy-specific proteins (16). Further, upon exploration of serum pregnancy-specific proteins in Murrah buffaloes, synaptojanin-1, apolipoprotein a-1, apolipoprotein b, keratin 10, and von Willebrand factors were identified by 2D gel electrophoresis plus MALDI-TOF MS (17). In this study, none of the DEPs identified by us using label-free MS-based quantitative proteomics have been reported in previous studies, indicating interspecific differences.

So far, some pregnancy-specific proteins, such as pregnancy-specific glycoproteins, have been found in trophoblast cells of pregnant mares (30); however, to the best of our knowledge, the identification of pregnancy-specific serum proteins based on proteomics has not been performed in horses. Further studies need to be conducted to reveal more biomarkers of early pregnancy and to compare differences among different Equus species.

Herein many DEPs, such as FN1, FGL1, THBS1, granulin precursor/acrogranin (GRN), C-X-C motif chemokine, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREML1), and keratin 14 (KRT14), were identified in the serum obtained from early pregnant jennies, and these were mainly associated with defense response. FN1 usually exists as a dimeric glycoprotein and is a ubiquitous and abundant soluble constituent of the plasma and other body fluids; it is also a part of the insoluble extracellular matrix (31). This extracellular fibronectin niche plays essential roles in wound healing, malignant transformation, inflammation, infection, hemostasis, and thrombosis (32). FGL1 belongs to the fibrinogen family and is primarily secreted from hepatocytes. It is involved in the process of blood clotting (33), and a study reported that recombinant human IL-6 could induce FGL1 expression in Hep G2 cells and that serum FGL1 levels were also enhanced after induction of acute inflammation in rats by subcutaneous injection of turpentine oil (34). THBS1 interacts with a cohort of target molecules through its multifunctional domains and participates in normal development and homeostasis maintenance (35). It also plays an important role in the regulation of coagulation, antiangiogenesis, wound healing, and immune response (36). The 6-kDa form of GRN has been invoked in wound repair (37). GRN is also a potent inhibitor of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α and regulate inflammation (38). Both C-X-C motif chemokine and TREML1 are involved in platelet activation. KRT14, encoding a basal cell keratin, is expressed during the wound healing process and participates in cell morphogenesis and epidermis development (39). Changes in the serum level of these proteins indicates the involvement of a regulatory mechanism of defense response during early pregnancy.

The presence of many pregnancy-specific proteins associated with early embryonic development have been reported in the serum, other body fluids, and tissues of animals. We found that the expression of GRN and transgelin-2 (TAGLN2) was unique. GRN is an embryo-derived growth factor, which possesses growth regulatory activities principally toward epithelial cells. GRN has been reported to regulate the appearance of the epithelium in developing mouse blastocysts, growth of the trophectoderm, and/or function of the embryonic epithelium (40). As a member of the transgelin family, TAGLN2 plays a significant role in the regulation of F-actin remodeling, which is important for trophoblast cell adhesion and invasion. TAGLN2 may be a potential target to improve embryo implantation rates in in vitro fertilization (41). Furthermore, the significantly upregulated proteins FN1, FGL1, and THBS1 are also seemingly involved in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. FN1 plays major roles in cell adhesion, migration, growth, and differentiation. It also binds to a number of biologically important molecules (42). Moreover, it is indispensable for embryogenesis; George et al. (43) reported that FN1-deficient mice died around embryonic day 10.5 due to severe defects in mesoderm. FGL1 is also expressed in the placenta and increases the proliferation of trophoblasts through an ERK-dependent pathway (44). THBS1 is reportedly involved in the organization of the cytoskeleton and in the process of adhesion (45). It has also been reported to participate in the adhesiveness of the embryo during the peri-implantation period in pigs (46). Considering our findings pertaining to the differential expression of GRN, TAGLN2, FN1, FGL1, and THBS1 in the serum of early pregnant jennies, which have been proved to play an important role in early embryonic development in other species, these five proteins seem to be novel, reliable candidates to detect pregnancy in jennies.

Equine chorionic gonadotropin is a pregnancy-specific glycoprotein hormone produced by the placenta between day 40 and 150 of pregnancy, and it shows FSH- and LH-like biological activities (19). Equids possess a single lutropin/choriogonadotropin subunit-β (LHB) gene, which confers specificity on the intact hormone (47). In our study, LHB was noted to be uniquely expressed in the serum of pregnant jennies and was probably involved in ovarian steroidogenesis and prolactin signaling and GnRH signaling pathways, according to the KEGG pathway-based enrichment analysis. LHB has been identified as a marker of pregnancy in jennies, although it shows considerably lower FSH-like activity than horse LHB (47).

Conclusion

To summarize, this is the first study to report a comprehensive analysis of DEPs in the serum of early pregnant and non-pregnant jennies using label-free MS-based quantitative proteomics. Twenty-two upregulated and three downregulated proteins were significantly differentially expressed in the P group, and these were mainly associated with the defense response, early embryonic development, and hormone signaling pathways. The differences in the expression profiles helped identify candidate proteins to explore pregnancy diagnostic markers related to early pregnancy in jennies. Five serum proteins—GRN, TAGLN2, FN1, FGL1, and THBS1—appear to be novel, reliable candidates to detect pregnancy in jennies. Further studies should be conducted to elucidate their functions in jennies.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Material.

Ethics Statement

The animal study was reviewed and approved by Shenyang Agricultural University Animal Care and Use Committee.

Author Contributions

LD performed the experiments. YH and CT participated in data analysis. CT, QL, and ZL helped with sampling. LD and YH edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation, China (Grant no. 31501952) and the Foundation from the Department of Education of Liaoning Province, China (Grant no. LSNFW201904).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2020.569587/full#supplementary-material

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