Improving Immunization Initiatives in the Dynamics of Typhoid Fever Transmission Model with Environmental Bacteria Concentration

Haileyesus Tessema Alemneh^1*Yimer Zemenu¹Endlkachew Bizualem¹Getachew Teshome²

• ¹College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
• ²Haramaya University, Department of Mathematics, Haramaya, Ethiopia, Deri Dawa,Ethipia, Ethiopia

Typhoid fever is a potentially fatal disease and endemic in most parts of the world. It is a serious worldwide health issue, especially in developing countries, and is typically spread via tainted food, water, or drink. This work introduced an SIVR-B model to explore and predict the dynamics of typhoid disease in a community. The effective reproduction number (𝑅 𝐸𝑓𝑓 ) of the model is calculated by manipulating the next generation method. Then after we computed the Typhoid fever free equilibrium and the typhoid fever persistence equilibrium points and demonstrated the global asymptotic stability of the equilibria. The bifurcation analysis demonstrated that the formulated typhoid model exhibits a forward bifurcation at 𝑅 𝐸𝑓𝑓 = 1. Further, the sensitivity of parameters is performed using normalized forward sensitivity analysis and demonstrated using numerical simulation. The work demonstrated that increasing typhoid vaccination rates have a pronounced effect in lowering disease transmission. From the results, we recommended policymakers and government stakeholders should enhance immunization efforts to effectively address the dynamics of typhoid fever transmission. In addition, improving vaccination efficacy, the research work recommends reducing poor drainage systems and lack of water quality to reduce the infection number.