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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Appl. Math. Stat.

Sec. Mathematical Biology

This article is part of the Research TopicMathematical Modeling of Gene Networks: Volume IIView all articles

Maxwell® an AAAA classifier well suited to biomedical data clustering

Provisionally accepted
Joel GardesJoel Gardes1Jules Brice Tchatchueng-MbouguaJules Brice Tchatchueng-Mbougua2Christophe MaldiviChristophe Maldivi1Mariem JelassiMariem Jelassi3Houssem ben KhalfallahHoussem ben Khalfallah4Jacques DemongeotJacques Demongeot5*
  • 1Orange, Meylan, France
  • 2Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaound, Cameroon
  • 3Universite de la Manouba Ecole Nationale des Sciences de l'Informatique, Manouba, Tunisia
  • 4Universite Grenoble Alpes, SaintMartindHres, France
  • 5Université Grenoble Alpes, Faculté de Médecine, La Tronche, France

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A new classifier called Maxwell®, Adiabatic, Agnostic and Almost Autonomous, is presented and used to classify species according to their early occurrence in evolution. After a precise description of all the steps of the clustering process, two examples of application are given: first, the classification of simulated genomic data, whose simulation mode is processed by an algorithm allowing the successive application of known operators having acted during the evolution of species. The clustering thus obtained makes it possible to identify correctly the genomes of species having evolved in the same ecosystem. Then, mitochondrial genomes of mammals and giant viruses associated with their bacterial or fungal targets they infect, are classified according to the same criteria. The results show a good adequacy of the obtained classifications to the evolutionary reality and a high consistency with the known knowledge on the evolution of the oldest species.

Keywords: Classification, Maxwell® classifier, evolution, co-evolution cluster, Mitochondrial Genome, giant virus genome

Received: 24 May 2025; Accepted: 24 Nov 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Gardes, Tchatchueng-Mbougua, Maldivi, Jelassi, ben Khalfallah and Demongeot. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Jacques Demongeot

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Supplementary Material