ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

Sec. Fungal Pathogenesis

Volume 15 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1600041

This article is part of the Research TopicPerspectives in Fungal Pathogenesis: 2025View all articles

Evidence for the role of Irk2 and Irk5 in ATP and metabolism regulation in Cryptococcus neoformans

Provisionally accepted
Yuanyuan  MaYuanyuan Ma1Jianhua  QuJianhua Qu1Mingming  XuMingming Xu2Nuoya  ZhouNuoya Zhou2Xiaoya  ChenXiaoya Chen2Yu  HanYu Han1*Peng  XuePeng Xue1*
  • 1Nantong University, Nantong, China
  • 2Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

Introduction: Cryptococcus neoformans, a human fungal pathogen, harbors the kinases Irk2 and Irk5, which are classified within the APH phosphotransferase, AGC/YANK protein kinase, and diacylglycerol kinase-like kinase families. Both Irk2 and Irk5 are pivotal for virulence during lung and brain infections. Previous studies have demonstrated that deletion of the IRK5 gene results in a significant reduction in cell wall associated melanin production, a vital virulence factor that facilitates evasion of host immune responses, while deletion of IRK2 does not manifest any notable phenotypic alterations.To investigate the impact of IRK2 or IRK5 deletion, we generated targeted deletion mutants for each gene. Following the creation of these mutants, we conducted mass spectrometry analyses to evaluate changes in their proteomic and metabolomic profiles. Moreover, we measured intracellular ATP levels in both the wild-type and mutant strains to assess modifications in ATP synthesis.Results: Mass spectrometry analyses revealed significant alterations in protein and metabolite expression levels in the IRK2 or IRK5 deletion mutant compared to the wild-type strain. Furthermore, the deletion of either IRK2 or IRK5 resulted in notable changes in intracellular ATP levels.This study suggests that the core virulence kinases Irk2 and Irk5 may play roles in regulating ATP levels and metabolic pathways. By elucidating the effects of these kinases on the proteomic and metabolomic profiles of C. neoformans, this research contributes to our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of this pathogen.

Keywords: Cryptococcosis, Irk2, Irk5, ATP, Proteome, Metabolomics

Received: 25 Mar 2025; Accepted: 02 Jun 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Ma, Qu, Xu, Zhou, Chen, Han and Xue. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence:
Yu Han, Nantong University, Nantong, China
Peng Xue, Nantong University, Nantong, China

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