REVIEW article
Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.
Sec. Microbes and Innate Immunity
Volume 15 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1636104
This article is part of the Research TopicEmerging Mechanisms of Host-Pathogen Interactions and immune responsesView all 8 articles
The Strategies and Mechanisms of Enteroviruses to Evade Innate Immunity and The Vaccine Progress of Enteroviruses
Provisionally accepted
- 1Liaoning Health Industry Group Fukuang General Hospital, Fushun, China
- 2Sangyo Ika Daigaku, Kitakyushu, Japan
- 3University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
- 4Lanzhou University First Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- 5Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan, China
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Enteroviruses (EVs) are a group of highly contagious RNA viruses that can cause a wide range of diseases, from mild infections to severe complications like neurological disorders and myocarditis. This review focuses on the innate immune evasion strategies employed by EVs, highlighting their mechanisms and consequences. EVs evade host immune responses through various tactics, including inhibiting pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), disrupting key signaling pathways like nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and (JAK)-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT), and directly targeting interferon (IFN) signaling components. Specific viral proteases, such as 2A protease (2A pro ) and 3C protease (3C pro ), play crucial roles in these evasion strategies by cleaving host proteins involved in immune signaling. Additionally, EVs manipulate host factors to suppress antiviral responses, exemplified by the upregulation of proteins like sex-determining region Y-box 4 (Sox4) and microRNAs (miRNAs) that inhibit TLR signaling. The review also discusses the development of vaccines against EVs, emphasizing the importance of prophylactic measures in controlling infections.Understanding these immune evasion mechanisms is essential for developing effective antiviral therapies and vaccines.
Keywords: Enterovirus, innate immune response, Immune Evasion Strategies, Vaccine, interferon
Received: 27 May 2025; Accepted: 16 Jul 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Yin, Chi, Feng and Jiang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Qinglian Jiang, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan, China
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