ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.
Sec. Clinical Infectious Diseases
Volume 15 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1664897
M2-type macrophage nanovesicles regulate the inflammatory response after necrotizing enterocolitis by inducing M1 to M2-like macrophage polarization
Provisionally accepted
- 1Department of Neonatology, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, Chengdu, China
- 2College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
- 3The People's Hospital of Jianyang City, Jianyang, China
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Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious inflammatory gastrointestinal disorder leading to a devastating intestinal inflammatory response, which typically results in severe sepsis and death. Given the imbalance of inflammatory response in the intestine that results in immune dysregulation and further worsens the clinical symptoms of NEC. Macrophages are the primary cells responsible for the early regulation and resolution of intestinal inflammation, therefore our experiments focus on the regulation of the polarization type of macrophages. In this study, we applied a convenient and continuous extrusion system to execute and purify M2NVs from RAW264.7 macrophage cells, then used to interfere with the LPS-induced cell inflammation model and NEC animal model. We discovered that M2NVs could foster the polarization of M1 to M2 macrophages and inhibit inflammatory injury in vivo, aligning with the in vitro results. Meanwhile, our study also revealed that M2NVs intervention could not only effectively alleviate the intestinal inflammatory environment, but also affect the changes in intestinal metabolism via omics techniques. Overall, the engineering strategy of M2NVs represents a promising approach with great potential for NEC treatment.
Keywords: necrotizing enterocolitis, Inflammatory Response, macrophages polarization, Nanovesicle, Gastrointestinal disorder
Received: 13 Jul 2025; Accepted: 09 Sep 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Liu, Gong, Zhang, Wang, Huang and Ju. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Rong Ju, Department of Neonatology, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, Chengdu, China
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