Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by persistent hyperglycemia which prevalence and incidence have risen sharply worldwide (, ). In particular, over 90% of all diabetes cases are type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (, ). Nowadays, studies have shown that absolute or relative insufficient insulin secretion and impaired action of insulin signaling pathways are two of the major causes of diabetes. Moreover, diabetes is a disease affecting a lot of organs such as kidney, liver, eyes, and heart and there is also a growing body of evidence suggesting that the lung is also one of the target organs in diabetes (, ). This special issue Research Topic, “Diabetes and Obesity Effects on Lung Function” contains a collection of studies that are mainly focused on understanding the association between diabetes and pulmonary diseases, and the underlying mechanisms. We hope that the paper collected in this special issue would broaden our knowledge about diabetic lung and facilitate the development of better disease management strategies.
Circadian rhythms are 24-h rhythms in physiology driven by the circadian clock system of the suprachiasmatic nucleus located in the hypothalamus (). Circadian rhythms are widely involved in metabolism-related diseases (, ). As Sirtuins are adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent histone deacetylases (), it has been suggested that Sirtuins also play significant roles in regulating diseases such as type 2 diabetes (, ). Zhou et al. provided a detailed review discussing the role of circadian rhythms and Sirtuins in the diabetic lung. After an initial description of the histological and functional changes that appears in the diabetic lung, they describe the circadian clock that affects insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity and protects the diabetic lung against oxidative stress and inflammation processes. Furthermore, they illustrated the potential regulatory mechanism of Sirtuins (SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT6) in the lung of subjects with diabetes together with the interactions between Sirtuins and the circadian clock. This work improves our understanding of the circadian regulation of metabolic pulmonary diseases.
Wang et al. discussed the potential mechanisms involved in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) contributed by diabetes and provided an overview of diabetic IPF. Specifically, they concluded that diabetes is a risk factor and a marker of poor prognosis for IPF patients through discussing epidemiology, pulmonary functional changes, and pathological changes. Mechanistically, persistent hyperglycemia could destroy the alveolar epithelial cells or increase the production of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic factors.
Lung cancer remains the most common cancer (11.6% of all) and the leading cause of cancer deaths, with over 1.7 million deaths worldwide in 2018 (). Chin-Hsiao Tseng contributes with a retrospective cohort study examining the influence of insulin on lung cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes. Surprisingly, the study demonstrates that insulin use would accelerate the progression of lung cancer. This study significantly improves the understanding of lung cancer and introduces a warning signal regarding insulin therapy in these patients.
Accumulating evidence has shown that disturbed sleep is implicated in the physiopathology of type 2 diabetes (, ). And sympathetic hyperactivity is associated with type 2 diabetes as well as sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS). López-Cano et al. concluded that intermittent hypoxia resulting from sleep breathing disorders increases the sympathetic activity in patients with type 2 diabetes, which in turn amplifies the effect of hyperglycemia, increasing both cardiovascular risk and microangiopathic diabetic complications. Thus, a good sleep could help prevent and treat diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
Lung inflammation is also controlled by metabolic regulators. The review paper submitted by Xu et al. focuses on understanding the effect of oxidative stress and the AMPK-Nrf2 pathway in pneumonia. Specifically, this study discusses how ROS accumulation mediated by a pulmonary lesion or metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes or obesity makes the lung more susceptible to bacterial and viral infection. In particular, activation AMPK-Nrf2 could ameliorate pneumonia through its antioxidative effects.
In summary, papers collected in this special issue underline the deleterious roles of diabetes mellitus and metabolic regulators in pulmonary diseases including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer, and pneumonia. It stresses that more attention should be paid to illustrate the underlying mechanisms that may provide invaluable insights into novel approaches for attenuating diabetic lung injury in the future.
Statements
Author contributions
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant numbers 81800273 and 81970426]; the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program of China Association for Science and Technology [grant number 2018QNRC001]; the Scientific and Technological Innovation Talents Program of Sichuan Province [grant number 2020JDRC0017]; the Postdoctoral Innovative Talents Support Program [grant number BX20180206]; the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation [grant number 2018M631084]; the full-time Postdoctoral Research and Development Fund of Sichuan University [grant number 2018SCU12010]; the Bud Fund of West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University; and the Potential Postdoctoral Program of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine [grant number BSH2019015 (to X-FC)]; the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI 12/00803, PI 15/00260, and PI18/00964), Fondos FEDER Una manera de hacer Europa.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Summary
Keywords
diabetes, insulin, pulmonary disease, lung function, molecular mechanisms
Citation
Chen X-F, Yan L-J, Lecube A and Tang X (2020) Editorial: Diabetes and Obesity Effects on Lung Function. Front. Endocrinol. 11:462. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00462
Received
22 May 2020
Accepted
11 June 2020
Published
16 July 2020
Volume
11 - 2020
Edited and reviewed by
Gaetano Santulli, Columbia University, United States
Updates
Copyright
© 2020 Chen, Yan, Lecube and Tang.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Liang-Jun Yan liang-jun.yan@unthsc.eduAlbert Lecube alecube@gmail.comXiaoqiang Tang tangxiaoqiang@scu.edu.cn; txiaoqiang@yeah.net
This article was submitted to Clinical Diabetes, a section of the journal Frontiers in Endocrinology
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