Abstract
In a small number of cases, the development of ectopic residual adrenal lesions during embryogenesis causing Cushing’s syndrome due to the production of excess cortisol has been reported. A 29-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for fatigue and recent amenorrhea. Her plasma ACTH was <1.5 pg/mL, and her serum cortisol was 21.4 pg/mL after the 8 mg dexamethasone suppression test, revealing the presence of ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome; however, her bilateral adrenal glands were atrophied. Abdominal CT revealed a 40-mm round tumor on the right renal hilum and remarkably accumulated 131I-labelled adosterol. CT and bone scintigraphy showed that 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate had accumulated in her dissymmetric skull at the right-frontoparietal region. The tumor on the right renal hilum was laparoscopically removed. Her cortisol levels rapidly decreased to below the normal range, and glucocorticoids were administered to rescue adrenal insufficiency. The resected tumor was yellowish in appearance and 4.5×3.0×2.8 cm in size. Immunohistochemical staining for SF-1, P450scc, CYP17A, CYP21A, and CYP11B1 indicated that this tumor produced cortisol. Exome sequencing analysis revealed that the GNAS heterozygous mutation (c.601C>T, p. Arg201Cys; accession number, NM_000516.5) was found in approximately 20% of the adrenal tumor sample. A mutation of GNAS, encoding the Gsα subunit that mediates GPCR signaling, causes the constitutive activation of adenylyl cyclase, resulting in hypersecretion of hormones regulated by the GPCR. GNAS mutation is one of the major genetic causes of cortisol-producing adrenal tumors independent of ACTH secretion. Considering the combination of GNAS mutation with one of the typical clinical triad characteristics, fibrous dysplasia of bone, we diagnosed this patient with McCune–Albright syndrome accompanied by ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome caused by an ectopic residual adrenal tumor due to GNAS mutation. This case highlights that GNAS involves a previously unknown pathological mechanism in which inhibition of the natural elimination of remnant tissue leads to ectopic endocrine hypersecretion.
Introduction
Cushing’s syndrome, characterized by excess endogenous glucocorticoids, is a rare disease, with a prevalence of approximately 0.7-2.4 cases per million people per year. A total of 15%–20% of cases are adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-independent (). A unilateral cortisol-producing tumor due to either adenoma or adrenocortical carcinoma is the primary cause (); an ectopic cortisol-producing tumor in extra-adrenal tissue is an exceedingly uncommon aetiology for hypercortisolism.
McCune–Albright syndrome (MAS), a disease caused by a mutation of GNAS, predisposes individuals to hormonal hypersecretion from endocrine organs with G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, there are only a few cases of MAS accompanied by ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome, which was limited in infancy, suggesting that ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome, especially in adults, is one of the rarest endocrine disorders in MAS (). Here, we present the first case of ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome caused by an ectopic extra-adrenal cortisol-producing tumor at the renal hilum concomitant with GNAS mutation, which is crucial to the pathogenesis of MAS.
Case description
A 29-year-old woman presenting with a six-month history of amenorrhea and general fatigue concomitant with lid oedema was admitted to our hospital. Spontaneous menstruation had started at the age of 13 years, and she had maintained a regular menstrual cycle since the age of 28. Her breasts, pubic hair, and axillary hair started to grow when she was approximately 13 years old. An annual medical check-up revealed hypertension four years previously, and she was treated with 40 mg amlodipine, 20 mg azilsartan, and 30 mg azosemide. Her legs and eyelids were oedematous approximately nine months before admission, and purpura emerged on the distal extremities. She had no significant medical history, including endocrine dysfunction, bone disease, or intellectual disability.
Her blood pressure was 142/104 mmHg. Her weight was 51.7Â kg, her height was 154Â cm (body mass index of 21.8 kg/m2), and her right and left grip strength was 16.8 and 13.3Â kg, respectively. She had a typical moon-face, central obesity with petechiae, and thin limbs; however, she had no other cushingoid features, such as red abdominal striae or a buffalo hump. Oedema was observed in the bilateral eyelids and lower extremities; the latter was accompanied by subcutaneous bleeding. Physical examination revealed that the right-frontoparietal region of her cranium was asymmetrically deformed, exhibiting bulging; however, cafe-au-lait spots were not observed.
A laboratory examination showed that most of the pituitary hormones secreted from the anterior lobe were at low levels, and corresponding target hormones, except for cortisol, were decreased: ACTH 3.4 pg/mL, cortisol 26.8 μg/dL; thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 0.09 µIU/mL, free thyroxine (FT4) 0.65 ng/dL, and free triiodothyronine (FT3) 1.25 pg/mL; luteinizing hormone (LH) 4.6 mIU/mL, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 6.1 mIU/mL, and E2 21 pg/mL; growth hormone (GH) 0.1 ng/mL, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) 81 ng/mL; and prolactin (PRL) 16.5 ng/dL. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), growth hormone releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2), and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) provocation tests revealed poor responses of TSH and GH and low elevations of PRL, LH, and FSH, indicating that she suffered from central hypopituitarism. Notably, the urinary cortisol level was higher than the normal range (716 μg/day), which was accompanied by hypercortisolaemia with loss of circadian rhythm. The serum cortisol level after the administration of 8 mg dexamethasone was not suppressed (21.4 μg/dL), indicating that hypercortisolaemia was caused by ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome. However, abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed that both her adrenal glands were atrophied. No apparent hormonal dysfunction of the other adrenal gland was observed (plasma aldosterone 93 pg/mL, plasma renin activity 1.0 ng/mL/hr, serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) 180 ng/mL, and urinary concentrations of the catecholamine metabolites metanephrine and normetanephrine 0.05 and 0.14 mg/day, respectively). Coincidentally, an enhanced CT scan showed a 40-mm round tumor on the right renal hilum (Figure 1A); the tumor remarkably accumulated 131I-labelled adosterol but not in the adrenal glands (Figure 1B). According to these findings, we considered that this extra-adrenal tumor ectopically produced cortisol independent of ACTH secretion. In addition, a head CT scan showed dissymmetric bone thickening with a “ground-glass” appearance, which consisted of a cystic or solid mass at right-frontoparietal region of the temporal bone (Figure 1C). Bone scintigraphy showed that 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (MDP) accumulated in multiple bones, including skull lesions (Figure 1D), suggesting that these bone features were caused by fibrous dysplasia.
Figure 1
The tumor on the right renal hilum was laparoscopically removed. The resected tumor was yellowish in appearance, 16 g in weight, and 4.5×3.0×2.8 cm in size. Positive immunohistochemical staining for StAR, CYP11A1, CYP17A, HSD3B, CYP21A, CYP11B1, and SF-1 (Figures 2A–F, H) indicated that the tumor was capable of producing cortisol from cholesterol, a source reagent, via an authentic enzymatic reaction. In contrast, staining for CYP11B2 and Ki-67 was negative (Figures 2G, I). An exome sequencing analysis using the Illumina platform revealed that a GNAS heterozygous mutation (c.601C>T, p. Arg201Cys; accession number, NM_000516.5) was found in approximately 20% of the adrenal tumor sample.
Figure 2
After resection, the patient’s cortisol levels rapidly decreased to below the normal range, and glucocorticoids were administered to rescue adrenal insufficiency. Antihypertensive medication was not required to control her blood pressure. Three months after surgery, the Cushingoid features disappeared, she spontaneously resumed menstruation, and levothyroxine was discontinued. A year later, her cortisol levels remained within the normal range without replacement therapy. Finally, we diagnosed her with MAS because the coexisting findings of fibrous dysplasia and ACTH-independent hypercortisolaemia caused by the ectopic tumor on the right renal hilum could be explained by only one cause, GNAS mutation.
Discussion
The patient underwent the surgical removal of the extra-adrenal tumor on the right renal hilum, which possessed a GNAS heterozygous mutation. Tumor resection induced the normalization of ACTH-independent hypercortisolaemia and the resolution of hypopituitarism, including hypogonadotropic amenorrhea and central hypothyroidism.
One of the unique clinical features in this case was that the tumor on the right renal hilum produced cortisol. Adrenal foetal zone tissue that detaches in the neonatal period and migrates through the urogenital tract can result in residual tissue that forms tumors on the retroperitoneum, testis, broad ligament, ovaries, and inguinal region, including the kidneys, and this residual tissue is considered ectopic adrenal tissue (, ). Only 1% of these lesions are observed in adults due to atrophic changes during tissue development, although they are observed in 50% of newborn infants (), and most cases are asymptomatic (). However, in our case, the tumor on the right renal hilum possessed all of the adrenal-specific biosynthetic enzymes at each step in the conversion of cholesterol to cortisol, and the gene expression of the tumor is known to be regulated by steroidogenic factor-1:SF-1 (). In addition, 131I-labelled adosterol accumulated in this tumor. These observations were sufficient to consider that this tumor was an ectopic adrenal gland. Moreover, this ectopic lesion was an endocrinologically functional adrenal gland that was responsible for ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome because tumor resection induced the resolution of hypercortisolaemia and led to adrenal failure. Previous reports describing ectopic adrenal tumors that secrete adrenocortical hormones are summarized in Table 1 (, , –). Among the fifteen previous cases, these tumors were most commonly found in those aged less than 40 years old (11 cases), and the majority produced cortisol (14 cases) and were classified as adenoma or hyperplasia (10 cases). The most common tumor site was around a kidney, such as the renal hilum (6 cases), and all these tumors were benign. The histopathological characteristics and steroidogenic enzyme profile of ectopic cortisol-producing adrenocortical adenomas are similar to those of monotopic adrenocortical adenomas and those in our case (). A review of the literature supported our diagnosis of a functional ectopic adrenal tumor at the renal hilum that caused ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome.
Table 1
| No. | Publicationyear | Age/Sex | Size of tumor | Location of tumor | Hormonal levels(before treatment) | Histology | Immuno-stainingfindings | mRNA expression | Genetic mutation | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1963 () | 40/M | 7 cm | inferior pole of the left kidney | plasma 17-OHCS 10.1 ÎĽg/dL | hyperplasia | NA | NA | NA | 2 years after bilateral adrenalectomy No recurrence (but died of another disease 17 months later) |
| 2 | 1966 () | 59/M | 7.5 cm | above the upper pole of the right kidney | urinary 17-OHCS 29 mg/day urinary 17-KS 5 mg/day | carcinoma | NA | NA | NA | 4 months after bilateral adrenalectomy |
| 3 | 1969 () | 26/F | 15 cm | upper pole of the left kidney | 17-KS 159 mg/day | carcinoma | NA | NA | NA | No recurrence for 15 months |
| 4 | 1972 () | 34/F | 1.5 cm and 1.2 cm | each para- ovarian area | Cor 15 ÎĽg/dL | adrenocortical tissue | NA | NA | NA | After bilateral adrenalectomy and external irradiation of the pituitary gland |
| 5 | 1981 () | 23/F | 18 cm | liver | Cor 26 ÎĽg/dL | (probably) malignant | Cor (+) testosterone (+) | NA | NA | Died of a pulmonary embolism before treatment |
| 6 | 1985 () | 21/F | 12 cm | liver | Cor 41 ÎĽg/dL UFC 1627 ÎĽg/day | carcinoma with low malignancy potential (difficult to determine whether this tumor was benign or malignant) | NA | NA | NA | No recurrence for 9 months Resection after ketoconazole therapy |
| 7 | 1998 () | 33/F | 3.0 cm | adjacent to the left adrenal gland | Cor 14 ÎĽg/dL ACTH 6.1 pg/mL UFC 78 ÎĽg/day | adenoma | NA | NA | NA | 14 years after left adrenalectomy |
| 8 | 2000 () | 63/F | 3.5 cm | left renal hilum | Cor 25 ÎĽg/dL (after 1 mg Dex) ACTH < 1.0 pg/mL UFC 130 ÎĽg/day (after 2 mg Dex) | adenoma | NA | NA | NA | No recurrence for 9 months |
| 9 | 2010 () | 35/F | 3.8 cm | left renal hilum | Cor 25 ÎĽg/dL ACTH < 5.0 pg/mL UFC 645 ÎĽg/day | adenoma | CYP17A1 (+) CYP21 (+) | CYB11B1 (+) (higher than normal adrenal level) | PRKAR1A (-) PDE8B (-) PDE11A (-) | 3 months after bilateral adrenalectomy |
| 10 | 2012 () | 38/M | 4.0 cm | left renal hilum | Cor 27 ÎĽg/dL ACTH < 1.0 pg/mL UFC 1927 ÎĽg/day | adenoma | NA | NA | NA | No recurrence |
| 11 | 2014 () | 53/F | 1) 3.5 cm 2) 2.7 cm | 1, 2) left renal hilum | 1) NA 2) Cor 18 ÎĽg/dL ACTH < 5.0 pg/mL UFC 159 ÎĽg/day | 1, 2) adenoma | 1) NA 2) Melan-A (+) HSD3B2 (+) CYP17A1 (+) | 1) NA 2) CYP11B1 (+) CYP11B2 (+) CYP17A1 (+) HSD3B2 (+) (similar to adrenal CPA) | 1, 2) NA | 1) First diagnosis 2) 2 years after first surgery, recurrence (+) |
| 12 | 2016 () | 37/F | 3.4 cm | right renal sinus | NA (Cor was higher than normal) | adenoma | synaptophysin (+) CD56 (+), vimentin (+) Ki-67 (2%) calretinin (+) inhibin-α (+) chromogranin A (-) CD117 (-), CD10 (-) CK7 (-), EMA (-) CK-pan (-), melan-A (-) pax-8(±) | NA | NA | No recurrence for a month |
| 13 | 2018 () | 18/F | 3.0 cm | left renal hilum | Cor 21 μg/dL ACTH 1.3 pg/mL UFC 1824 μg/day | adenoma | inhibition (+) melan-A (+) synaptophysin (+) vimentin (+) AE1/AE3 (+) HMB45 (±) CD34 (+, angiographic) NSE (-), CgA (-) | NA | NA | No recurrence for 12 months |
| 14 | 2018 () | 46/M | 3.6 cm | right renal hilum | Cor 37 ÎĽg/dL ACTH < 1.0 pg/mL UFC 159 ÎĽg/day | adenoma and myelolipoma metaplasia | KI-67 (3%) | NA | NA | No recurrence for 6 months |
| 15 | 2018 () | 21/F | 16 cm (CT scan) | liver | Cor 27 ÎĽg/dL | carcinoma | CD 56 (+), HEP 1 (+) NSE (+) (liver biopsy) | NA | NA | Referred to another hospital for surgical therapy, |
| 16 | our case | 29/F | 4.0 cm | right renal hilum | Cor 26.8 ÎĽg/dL, ACTH 3.4 pg/mL, UFC 716 ÎĽg/day | cor-producing lesion (benign) | StAR (+) CYP11A1 (+) CYP17A (+) HSD3B (+) CYP21A (+) CYP11B1 (+) SF-1 (+) CYP11B2 (-) | NA | GNAS (+) c.601C>T, p.Arg201Cys | presence of fibrous dysplasia |
Reported cases of Cushing’s syndrome due to ectopic adrenal tissue.
NA, not available.
17-OHCS, 17-hydroxycorticosteroid; 17-KS, 17-ketosteroid; Cor, cortisol; UFC, urinary free cortisol; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; Dex, dexamethasone; CPA, cortisol-producing adrenocortical adenoma.
The most crucial and novel finding is that we detected for the first time the GNAS mutation, encoding the Gsα subunit that mediates GPCR signalling, from this endocrinologically functional ectopic tumor. GNAS mutation causes the constitutive activation of adenylyl cyclase, which activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), leading to the hyperproduction of cortisol through the acceleration of the cAMP response element-binding protein CREB (). Indeed, the GNAS mutation was detected in 16.9% out of 65 cases of ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome (), suggesting that this mutation is one of the causal molecular pathogeneses for cortisol-producing adrenocortical adenoma. We considered that residual adrenal tissue, which possessed the GNAS mutation occurring in early development, autonomously secreted excessive cortisol through an increase in cAMP due to the constitutive activation of Gsα, resulting in ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome in this patient.
One of the more recognized diseases associated with GNAS mutation is MAS. MAS is classically defined as a clinical triad involving fibrous dysplasia of bone, café-au-lait spots, and precocious puberty (). MAS is often diagnosed according to the presence of two or more of these typical features. However, it is now recognized that those phenotypes are more complex. The prevalence of major findings, fibrous dysplasia of bone, café-au-lait spots, and precocious puberty (female) were 98%, 66%, and 50%, respectively (), suggesting that patients with MAS who have typical triad are not frequent. If patients have only fibrous dysplasia, which is the most common feature in MAS (), identification of GNAS mutation by genetic testing is needed to establish the diagnosis (). This suggests that the detection of this underlying genetic pathogenesis along with MAS-related symptoms is essential in establishing a definitive diagnosis of MAS. The Gsα protein, which is encoded by the GNAS gene, is a ubiquitous cellular component. If Gsα mutation occurs in the GPCR signalling pathway of the endocrine system, such as in LH, TSH, GnRH, ACTH, or bone tissue, it causes constant activation of intracellular signal transduction and results in precocious puberty, thyrotoxicosis, ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome, acromegaly, or FGF23-related hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia (). Such hypersecretion from endocrine organs with GPCRs is known to be associated with MAS (). In this case, our patient did not have a café-au-lait spot and did not suffer from precocious puberty. However, we detected ACTH-independent hypercortisolaemia accompanied by GNAS gene mutation in the extra-adrenal tumor as well as fibrous dysplasia with typical findings on CT and bone scintigraphy. MAS is the most probable single aetiology that accounts for the observed findings in both the bone and ectopic adrenal glands.
Hypopituitarism, which was observed in this patient, causing conditions such as amenorrhea and hypothyroidism is not a typical clinical feature of MAS. Elevated cortisol is known to act on the hypothalamus and reduce the basal gonadotropins level, resulting in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Hypercortisolism suppresses TRH and TSH release, leading to central hypothyroidism. Hypopituitarism in the patient spontaneously recovered after the removal of the renal hilum tumor, indicating that hyposecretion of anterior pituitary hormones, except for ACTH, was caused by secondary hypopituitarism, not primary hypopituitarism.
This is the first report of an ectopic endocrinologically functional adrenal tumor due to a GNAS heterozygous mutation causing ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome. The patient in this case had concomitant typical fibrous dysplasia; thus, we supposed that the clinical symptoms were caused by MAS. GNAS-related GPCRs are widely distributed in the body; thus, the clinical symptoms of MAS caused by the somatic mosaic phenotype vary widely. This case highlights that GNAS is associated with a previously unknown pathological mechanism in which inhibition of the natural elimination of remnant tissue leads to ectopic endocrine hypersecretion.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics statement
Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author contributions
KT wrote the first draft of the manuscript. MY contributed to the writing of the manuscript. KT, ST, SI, and TT made contributions to the acquisition of the clinical data. MY and KK made critical revisions. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
1
SharmaSTNiemanLKFeeldersRA. Cushing's syndrome: epidemiology and developments in disease management. Clin Epidemiol (2015) 7:281–93. doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S44336
2
DumitrescuCECollinsMT. McCune-albright syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis (2008) 3:12. doi:Â 10.1186/1750-1172-3-12
3
LuDYuNMaXZhangJGuoX. An ectopic adrenocortical adenoma in renal hilum presenting with cushing's syndrome: A case report and literature review. Med (Baltimore) (2018) 97:e13322. doi:Â 10.1097/MD.0000000000013322
4
Abdel-LatifMEBajukBWardMOeiJLBadawiNNSW and ACT Neonatal Intensive Care Units Audit Group. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of extremely premature infants conceived after assisted conception: a population based cohort study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed (2013) 98:F205–11. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2012-302040
5
LeibowitzJPertsemlidisDGabriloveJL. Recurrent cushing's syndrome due to recurrent adrenocortical tumor–fragmentation or tumor in ectopic adrenal tissue? J Clin Endocrinol Metab (1998) 83:3786–9. doi: 10.1210/jcem.83.11.5260
6
ValPLefrancois-MartinezAMVeyssiereGMartinezA. SF-1 a key player in the development and differentiation of steroidogenic tissues. Nucl Recept (2003) 1:8. doi:Â 10.1186/1478-1336-1-8
7
ChaffeeWRMosesAMLloydCWRogersLS. Cushing's syndrome with accessory adrenocortical tissue. JAMA (1963) 186:799–801. doi: 10.1001/jama.1963.63710080025020a
8
NeyRLHammondWWrightLDavisWWAckerJBartterFC. Studies in a patient with an ectopic adrenocortical tumor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab (1966) 26:299–304. doi: 10.1210/jcem-26-3-299
9
RaithLKarlHJ. Pregnancy in ectopic adrenal carcinoma. Horm Metab Res (1969) 1:149–50. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1096837
10
StrauchGOVinnickL. Persistent cushing's syndrome apparently cured by ectopic adrenalectomy. JAMA (1972) 221:183–4. doi: 10.1001/jama.1972.03200150047011
11
WallaceEZLeonidasJRStanekAEAvramidesA. Endocrine studies in a patient with functioning adrenal rest tumor of the liver. Am J Med (1981) 70:1122–5. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(81)90886-x
12
ContrerasPAltieriELibermanCGacARojasAIbarraAet al. Adrenal rest tumor of the liver causing cushing's syndrome: treatment with ketoconazole preceding an apparent surgical cure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab (1985) 60:21–8. doi: 10.1210/jcem-60-1-21
13
AyalaARBasariaSUdelsmanRWestraWHWandGS. Corticotropin-independent cushing's syndrome caused by an ectopic adrenal adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2000) 85:2903–6. doi: 10.1210/jcem.85.8.6749
14
LouisetEGobetFLibeRHorvathARenoufSCariouJet al. ACTH-independent cushing's syndrome with bilateral micronodular adrenal hyperplasia and ectopic adrenocortical adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2010) 95:18–24. doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-0881
15
WangXLDouJTGaoJPZhongWWJinDHuiLet al. Laparoscope resection of ectopic corticosteroid-secreting adrenal adenoma. Neuro Endocrinol Lett (2012) 33:265–7.
16
TongAJiaAYanSZhangYXieYLiuG. Ectopic cortisol-producing adrenocortical adenoma in the renal hilum: histopathological features and steroidogenic enzyme profile. Int J Clin Exp Pathol (2014) 7:4415–21.
17
ZhangJLiuBSongNLvQWangZGuM. An ectopic adreocortical adenoma of the renal sinus: a case report and literature review. BMC Urol (2016) 16:3. doi:Â 10.1186/s12894-016-0123-0
18
ZhaoYGuoHZhaoYShiB. Secreting ectopic adrenal adenoma: a rare condition to be aware of. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) (2018) 79:75–81. doi: 10.1016/j.ando.2017.03.003
19
PermanaHDarmawanGRitongaEKusumawatiMMiftahurachmanMSoetedjoNN. An interesting case of hepatic adrenocortical carcinoma. Acta Med Indones (2018) 50:257–9.
20
DuanKHernandezKGMeteO. Clinicopathological correlates of adrenal cushing's syndrome. Postgrad Med J (2015) 91:331–42. doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2014-202612rep
21
SatoYMaekawaSIshiiRSanadaMMorikawaTShiraishiYet al. Recurrent somatic mutations underlie corticotropin-independent cushing's syndrome. Science (2014) 344:917–20. doi: 10.1126/science.1252328
22
CollinsMTSingerFREugsterE. McCune-albright syndrome and the extraskeletal manifestations of fibrous dysplasia. Orphanet J Rare Dis (2012) 7 Suppl 1:S4. doi:Â 10.1186/1750-1172-7-S1-S4
23
TufanoMCiofiDAmendoleaAStagiS. Auxological and endocrinological features in children with McCune albright syndrome: A review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) (2020) 11:522. doi:Â 10.3389/fendo.2020.00522
24
BoyceAMFlorenzanoPde CastroLFCollinsMT. "Fibrous Dysplasia/McCune-albright syndrome,". In: AdamMPMirzaaGMPagonRAWallaceSEBeanLJHGrippKW, editors. GeneReviews((R)). Seattle (WA (1993).
Summary
Keywords
GNAS mutation, Cushing’s syndrome, McCune–Albright syndrome, ectopic adrenal tumor, fibrous dysplasia
Citation
Takedani K, Yamamoto M, Tanaka S, Ishihara S, Taketani T and Kanasaki K (2022) ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome due to ectopic endocrinologically functional adrenal tissue caused by a GNAS heterozygous mutation: a rare case of McCune–Albright syndrome accompanied by central amenorrhea and hypothyroidism: a case report and literature review. Front. Endocrinol. 13:934748. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.934748
Received
03 May 2022
Accepted
04 July 2022
Published
25 July 2022
Volume
13 - 2022
Edited by
Sarantis Livadas, Metropolitan Hospital, Greece
Reviewed by
Hao Zhang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Takashi Gojobori, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia
Updates
Copyright
© 2022 Takedani, Yamamoto, Tanaka, Ishihara, Taketani and Kanasaki.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Masahiro Yamamoto, masa-ya@med.shimane-u.ac.jp
This article was submitted to Pediatric Endocrinology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Endocrinology
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.