ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Endocrinol.
Sec. Reproduction
Serum Progesterone and Vaginal Gel Dose in Artificial-Cycle Frozen Embryo Transfer: Association with Pregnancy Outcome
Hsiao-Chin HUANG
Yu-Li Chuang
Chueh-Ko Yang
Horng-Der Tsai
Cheng-Hsuan Wu
Yu-Jing Chen
Hsin-Hung Wu
Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan
Select one of your emails
You have multiple emails registered with Frontiers:
Notify me on publication
Please enter your email address:
If you already have an account, please login
You don't have a Frontiers account ? You can register here
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the clinical relevance of serum progesterone levels on the day of frozen embryo transfer (FET) and the dose of vaginal progesterone gel (Crinone) used for early luteal phase support (LPS) in artificial-cycle frozen embryo transfer (AC-FET). Methods: This single-center retrospective study analyzed 342 AC-FET cycles in patients aged 18–45 at Changhua Christian Hospital, Taiwan (April 2018–December 2022). Women aged 18–45 years undergoing AC-FET were included; cycles with >3 prior failed FETs, major comorbidities, donor oocytes, or missing outcome data were excluded. Pregnancy outcomes were assessed per cycle. Crinone (90 mg or 180 mg daily) was administered for 5 days after endometrial thickness ≥7 mm and progesterone <1.5 ng/mL. Serum progesterone was measured on the day of FET. Clinical pregnancy rates based on gestational sac (CPR-S), fetal heartbeat (CPR-H), and live birth rate (LBR) were evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) evaluated the predictive value of serum progesterone levels. Associations between study variables and pregnancy outcomes were assessed using univariate and multivariable logistic regression. Comparisons of pregnancy outcomes between the high- and low-dose Crinone groups were further conducted using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) to adjust for baseline differences between dosage groups. Results: Serum progesterone levels demonstrated poor predictive performance for CPR-S, CPR-H, and LBR (AUC range: 0.541–0.559) and were not independently associated with pregnancy outcomes in multivariable analyses. After adjustment using inverse probability of treatment weighting, a higher Crinone dose (180 mg vs. 90 mg) was significantly associated with higher CPR-S (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.11–3.17; p = 0.020), CPR-H (OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.24–3.59; p = 0.006), and LBR (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.31–3.38; p = 0.002). Conclusion: Serum progesterone levels measured on the day of FET did not predict pregnancy outcomes in AC-FET cycles using vaginal progesterone gel. A higher Crinone dose was associated with higher early clinical pregnancy rates compared with a lower dose.
Summary
Keywords
artificialcycle, Frozen embryo transfer, luteal phase support, Serum progesterone, vaginal progesterone gel
Received
01 October 2025
Accepted
18 February 2026
Copyright
© 2026 HUANG, Chuang, Yang, Tsai, Wu, Chen and Wu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Hsin-Hung Wu
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.