MINI REVIEW article
Front. Endocrinol.
Sec. Bone Research
The Influence of Immune Factors on Bone Metabolism in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases
Provisionally accepted
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) primarily includes Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), which share common features such as the presence of thyroid autoantibodies and lymphocyte infiltration. Studies have shown that immune cells and their secreted cytokines in AITD not only participate in thyroid autoimmune responses but also regulate osteoblast and osteoclast activity in bone metabolism, affecting bone resorption and formation. Additionally, thyroid autoantibodies may directly affect bone metabolism through mechanisms like oxidative stress. This review emphasizes the dual role of immune factors in AITD in bone metabolism, providing new perspectives for understanding the relationship between these two diseases.
Keywords: autoimmune thyroid diseases, B lymphocytes, bone metabolism, Macrophages, T lymphocytes
Received: 11 Dec 2025; Accepted: 09 Feb 2026.
Copyright: © 2026 Zhao, Cui, Hou and Si. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Xin Hou
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