Editorial on the Research TopicEpidemiological considerations in COVID-19 forecasting
1. Epidemiological considerations in COVID-19 forecasting
In its initial epidemic phase from December 2019 to March 2020, Sars-CoV-2 infected about 800 thousand people worldwide and about 50 thousand of them died. The rapid spread of COVID-19 led the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare COVID-19 a global pandemic (). Preliminary estimates suggest total global deaths attributable to COVID-19 throughout 2020 to be at least 3 million (). The unusual rapid spread of a new disease led the scientific community to make a great effort to understand and represent the mechanisms underlying the spread of the pandemic.
Many mathematical and computational models have been adapted to describe the epidemiological behavior of COVID-19 spread, including predicting the dynamics to assist efforts to counter rapid dissemination of the disease (–). Different modeling strategies to describe the pandemic include stochastic/probabilistic (, –), and chaotic (, ), with many models using ODEs (Ordinary Differential Equations) adapting the compartmental SIR (Susceptible, Infected, and Recovered) model (, –). Many studies of COVID dynamics have been at national level, but spatially disaggregated approaches (e.g. spatio-temporal forecasts) have been proposed, raising questions about localized diffusion between nearby populations (, ).
Projecting possible scenarios of the pandemic’s duration, wave fluctuations and peaks provides valuable information for health public pandemic planning (). Scenario planning is also relevant for economic reasons since many countries that have adopted circulation restrictions to reduce the spread of the disease still suffer from economic impacts and wider social ramifications (). Furthermore, the use of computational tools for predicting potential high-risk areas to be monitored is also an important tool for health public strategies (). On the other hand, following progress in developing effective vaccines many researchers have attempted to describe mathematically the impact of alternative vaccination strategies on viral spread dynamics (, , ).
2. Survey of papers in this research topic
About the time the COVID-19 pandemic started, the Global Health Security Index (GHSI) was published. The GHSI was proposed to score countries’ preparedness for a pandemic. A few months after the start of the pandemic, researchers began to analyze the validity of the GHSI. They correlated national COVID per capita death rates with GHSI scores. Surprisingly, they showed that the better prepared a country, the higher the death rate, i.e. a result that was counter to what would have been expected. Goldschmidt et al. takes another look at the GHSI by exploring the relationship in major European Union countries plus the United Kingdom.
Managing the COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a challenge due to poor adherence to COVID-19 prevention measures worldwide. The study of Eyeberu et al. aims to identify the determinants of community adherence to pandemic prevention among adults in the Harari Regional State of Eastern Ethiopia. They discovered that about half of the study participants showed poor adherence. On the other hand, pandemic management also requires appropriate and timely measures by government and non-governmental organizations.
Before applying diagnostic tests for screening purposes it is important to understand the baseline risk in the tested population. Particularly, in the COVID-19 pandemic, the incidence rate remains to change. The study of McAloon et al. uses incidence data to estimate the prevalence of community infection at two particular points in time. Their proposed methodology has the potential as a real-time estimation to support decision-making regarding control measures needed to allow mass gatherings while the pandemic is still to some degree extant. The WHO emphasize the importance of guidance for enabling mass gatherings ().
The study of Lohia et al. analyses the epidemiological importance of testing the Indian population for COVID-19 during the pandemic. This research work is a retrospective analysis of the testing data collected by the Indian Council of Medical Research (about 170 million tests up to December 29, 2020). This study aimed to understand the probability of a person testing negative after an initial positive test and to evaluate the varied impact and duration of the disease in people of different age groups and genders.
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Author contributions
All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Summary
Keywords
COVID-19, Forecasting, pandemic, Epidemics, Vaccination, Mathematical Models, Statistical models, SARS-CoV-2
Citation
Reis RF and Congdon P (2023) Editorial: Epidemiological considerations in COVID-19 forecasting. Front. Epidemiol. 2:1119559. doi: 10.3389/fepid.2022.1119559
Received
08 December 2022
Accepted
20 December 2022
Published
16 January 2023
Volume
2 - 2022
Edited and reviewed by
Ruchi Singh, National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), India
Updates
Copyright
© 2023 Reis and Congdon.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Ruy Freitas Reis ruy.reis@ufjf.br
Specialty Section: This article was submitted to Infectious Disease Epidemiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Epidemiology
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.