Abstract
Cellular therapies with CD4+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) hold promise of efficacious treatment for the variety of autoimmune and allergic diseases as well as posttransplant complications. Nevertheless, current manufacturing of Tregs as a cellular medicinal product varies between different laboratories, which in turn hampers precise comparisons of the results between the studies performed. While the number of clinical trials testing Tregs is already substantial, it seems to be crucial to provide some standardized characteristics of Treg products in order to minimize the problem. We have previously developed reporting guidelines called minimum information about tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells, which allows the comparison between different preparations of tolerance-inducing antigen-presenting cells. Having this experience, here we describe another minimum information about Tregs (MITREG). It is important to note that MITREG does not dictate how investigators should generate or characterize Tregs, but it does require investigators to report their Treg data in a consistent and transparent manner. We hope this will, therefore, be a useful tool facilitating standardized reporting on the manufacturing of Tregs, either for research purposes or for clinical application. This way MITREG might also be an important step toward more standardized and reproducible testing of the Tregs preparations in clinical applications.
Introduction
T regulatory cells (Tregs) are dominant cellular compounds of the immune system protecting the body from autoimmune reactions. These cells are also involved in imposing tolerance to alloantigens such as transplanted allogeneic cells and tissues (–). For all these reasons, several Treg-based therapeutics are being tested in clinical trials as a prophylaxis or treatment of autoimmune diseases, graft-versus-host disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplants or rejections after solid organ transplants (). The list of potential applications in the future is even wider. At the same time, manufacturing of Tregs for preclinical and clinical experiments varies considerably between different centers, which significantly diminishes possible comparisons between the trials. For this reason, future development of these therapies is hampered as it happens that the available results from different trials are contradictive. The specificity of cellular products makes it difficult to verify the results in huge multicentre trials and therefore better standardization of early-phase trials as well as cellular products themselves might facilitate the progress in this promising branch of medicine.
We propose here a tool for standardization of Tregs studies designed on the basis of so-called minimum information models (MIMs). These models have gained increasing popularity among scientists as they enable the interpretation of reported data, comparison between data from different studies and facilitate experimental reproducibility (, ). MIMs provide mechanisms that all laboratories report at least the key facts about their analysis in a clear and consistent manner, allowing a comparison across the whole field. Our consortium has already designed the MIM called minimum information about tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells (MITAP). This is a reporting framework that makes transparent differences and similarities of different tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells (tolAPC) (). It provides minimum reporting guidelines for the production process of tolAPC used in preclinical and/or clinical studies. We have followed the MITAP experience and designed a MIM for the manufacture of Tregs. We call it minimum information about T regulatory cells (MITREG). MITREG will be a useful resource for investigators reporting their data on the use of in vitro expanded natural Tregs or induced Tregs in preclinical models or clinical trials.
Methods
Setting Up MITREG: Community Building and Initial Analysis
The community was mainly built on the experience of our completed MITAP initiative. For several years now, we have been working together in the field of tolerogenic cellular therapies under the umbrella of the consortium AFACTT (action to focus and accelerate cell-based tolerance-inducing therapies—http://www.afactt.eu/). It brings together European scientists and clinicians with the aim of jointly addressing issues related to the translation and clinical application of these new treatments. Having the experience of MITAP, we used this document as a template to describe Treg therapies. For MITREG, we also tried to extend the initiative beyond Europe and invited scientists working on tolerogenic cellular therapies from around the world. This way we ensured a broadly reflective discussion taking into account various opinions and current practices of many laboratories within the discipline.
The work on this MITREG document covered a series of “exercises” that provided some initial data. Like for MITAP, the exercises aimed at gathering “terms” in order to acquire basic vocabulary in use within the community. The first, so-called “sticky-note” exercise performed at several AFACTT meetings assumed that each participant wrote a term on a sticky-note; these were then collated and clustered on a wall by the whole group, identifying synonyms and related terms. Second, we used the MITAP template to incorporate the collected terms and created an initial version of MITREG. This document underwent several rounds of face-to-face and online consultations with AFACTT members to improve its clarity. Internally agreed version was circulated to external specialists in the field. This external feedback was collected and implemented in the final version of the MITREG document. Finally, we used the existing literature to obtain a picture of how well the required information has been described in published articles.
Results
Overview of the MITREG Document
The design of the MITREG document followed the concept of MITAP, which facilitated the whole process. It describes the manufacturing of Treg products in a chronological way. The document is divided into four sections highlighting critical points of the process and regulatory issues. The document describes the details that should be provided by investigators, which would allow other researchers to repeat the process. It also advises on the use of existing taxonomies and databases to provide the information in a uniform manner, and it suggests the use of other MIMs where appropriate. The full MITREG document can be found on archive.org (http://w3id.org/ontolink/mitreg) and it is also included in the Appendix A (MITREG document).
Section 1: Cells at the Start of the Procedure
This section describes characteristics of the biological material before it undergoes any manipulation. There are five subparts asking for (a) essential information about the donor, (b) source of the cells, (c) the methods used to separate Tregs, (d) the phenotype after separation, and (e) the number of Tregs after separation.
Section 2: Expansion/Differentiation
This section describes the protocol that has been used to expand or differentiate Tregs. The specificity of Tregs was a challenge here as different subsets can be obtained with a wide range of methods. Tregs can be either isolated and optionally expanded or can be induced from naive precursors. There are five subsections giving details on (a) preculture conditions, (b) culture conditions, (c) the protocol used to expand or differentiate cultured Tregs, (d) stimuli used during the process, and (e) the way Tregs are stored immediately after expansion/differentiation.
Section 3: Cells after Expansion/Differentiation
This section describes the characteristics of Tregs after the expansion or differentiation. It is mainly focused on the phenotype of the final Treg product as well as its suppressive activity verified in any form of functional assay. It also documents the cell yield from the entire process and, if the product is for clinical use or testing of adoptive transfer in animals, the details on administration of the cells to the recipient.
Section 4: About the Protocol
This final section describes remaining details of the experimental or clinical protocol such as primary or secondary goals as well as regulatory issues such as adherence to particular acts or directives including compliance with good practice requirements (GCP, GLP, or GMP guidelines). Finally, the name and contact details of the corresponding author(s) must be provided.
The MITREG document is accompanied by a handy checklist to assist investigators in ensuring that all the relevant detail is provided before submitting their manuscripts for publication. The checklist can be found at archive.org (http://w3id.org/ontolink/mitreg) and is also included in the Appendix B (MITREG checklist).
Prevalence of MITREG Data in Extant Published Articles
The purpose of the MITREG document is to ensure that authors provide sufficient basic information about their production protocol. An implicit assumption is that currently some or all of this information is not being routinely described. To test this assumption, we reviewed a number of articles about Treg products and for each we determined whether it included data described in the MITREG document.
In detail, 19 Treg articles were selected (predominantly from members of AFACTT or from researchers well known in the field) and read in detail. The articles are given chronologically in the references but the order in Figure 1 is different and anonymized (–). For each section of MITREG, we determined whether the information required was directly stated in the article (or referenced) (Figure 1: green squares), partly stated in the article (Figure 1: yellow triangles), not present at all (Figure 1: red circles), or whether information was not present due to lack of relevance for the publication (Figure 1: gray circles). For example, section 1-ai of MITREG describes the species used in the experimental setup. An article with the phrase “human” or “Homo sapiens” would fall into the first category (included in the publication). However, when mice are used and only the species is mentioned: “mouse” or “Mus musculus,” but not the strain, it would fall into the second category (included but details missing). Many articles do not describe their experimental methodology, but instead refer to another article (“as described previously”); in this case, we checked the article up to two references deep and if found, the information was considered as “present” (Figure 1: green squares), if not it was considered as “not present” (Figure 1: red circles). This work was performed by four independent scientists with experience in the field.
Figure 1
Results are shown in Figure 1. This figure shows that in some sections like the species, characteristics, ethics, and cell dose transferred sections, reporting is good with almost all revised articles describing these. However, other sections are often very poorly reported. For example, storage of cells, anticoagulant used and the number/viability of cells after each separate step are not described in most articles. Moreover, important information (container type, concentration of cells) to repeat the performed experiments is missing in almost all articles.
Sustainability
We have taken particular care to consider the issues of digital sustainability for MITREG. A well-known problem with resources linked with URLs given in articles is that URLs are often lost over time: around a 25% loss 3 years after publication (). We have, therefore, specifically addressed this issue by use of a stable identifier space; the MITREG document and checklist are hosted by archive.org, an organization committed to long-term digital preservation. In addition, we have used a permanent identifier (http://w3id.org/ontolink/mitreg) thereby providing a redirection-step.
Resources are available in a number of formats: both PDF and Word for manipulability, but also a simple HTML representation, ensuring vendor-neutrality and future-proofing, in so far as this is possible.
Discussion
Minimum information models aid investigators by providing a specific guideline of what is required to interpret and compare experimental findings. Furthermore, reporting guidelines will facilitate independent validation of published results, a fundamental precept of scientific research. This is to our knowledge the first proposal of a minimum information standard on the description of experimental as well as clinical manufacturing and application of Tregs. The generation of MITREG was initiated by members of the European AFACTT consortium to fill a recognized gap in data reporting standards in the Treg community. MITREG was realized with the help of key international players in the Treg field.
Nine years after the first-in-man report, there are currently close to 30 recruiting or ongoing clinical trials administering Tregs in autoimmune settings, inflammatory diseases, transplantation and graft-versus-host disease (). Clinical grade reagents for Treg isolation by magnetic activated cell sorting have become available to the growing community and off the shelf products and GMP-compatible fluorescence-based cell sorting is currently been available from multiple manufacturers of novel closed system devices, further increasing the diversity of isolation techniques (). Given the low frequency of Tregs in the periphery, most clinical applications require an in vitro cell expansion culturing step classifying them as advanced therapy medicinal products. A growing number of culturing methods are being developed and published aiming at Treg induction, enhanced ex vivo expansion, alloreactivity and more recently, the implementation of specific T cell receptors or chimeric antigen receptors (, , , –). We are thus at a point where protocol diversity is growing exponentially, emphasizing the necessity to harmonize reporting regimens as a prerequisite of reproducibility and quality assurance. By analyzing extant articles according to the MITREG document (Figure 1), it also becomes clear that there is a big gap in what is currently being reported and what the community considers important and wants to receive in a Treg production/expansion protocol. For example, storage conditions, cell numbers and viability and anticoagulant used are almost never reported, but are most likely measured or known by the researcher. Moreover, essential information to allow experiments to be repeated is often missing.
Together with MITREG we provide a checklist that was designed with maximal flexibility to incorporate newly developed methodologies. While MITREG does not aim at uniform protocols or dictating quality checks, it is expected to enable a mere description of the growing diversity in production procedures. We expect it to mature as novel technologies arise and become a consensus guideline within the Treg community. Only by exact reporting we will be able to identify differences in Treg preparations that may help to understand results from clinical studies. We anticipate that MITREG will be a starting point for further joint efforts of the Treg community that will ultimately lead to optimized cellular therapy.
Statements
Author contributions
As described in the Section “Methods,” these recommendations are the common effort of all the authors, who were involved in the design, acquisition, and interpretation of available data on Tregs as well as revised critically and approved final version of the MITREG document. In addition, AF, MG, NG, and RS were involved in collecting and analysis of the data sent by the contributors and SG, CH, GL, PL, EC, and PT supervised the work and edited the article.
Funding
This work was supported by a grant from the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) for the AFACTT project (Action to Focus and Accelerate Cell-based Tolerance-inducing Therapies; BM1305). COST is part of the EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer LH declared a shared affiliation, with no collaboration, with several of the authors RS, JI, CH, and PL to the handling editor.
Footnotes
1.^http://flowcyt.sourceforge.net/miflowcyt/
2.^http://fged.org/projects/miame/
4.^https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2300
5.^http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy/
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Appendix A
Minimum Information for T Regulatory Cells (MITREG)
Introduction
The purpose of this document is to enable the description of the generation of T regulatory cell (Treg) products for therapeutic application or experimental usage. It was designed to suit reports using endogenous, induced, antigen-specific, and polyclonal freshly isolated and expanded Tregs.
This document is split into four sections, each describing a different aspect of the process. Not all sections will be relevant to all Treg products.
Information in some sections of this document may be covered by other Minimum Information documents, or defined vocabularies. For example, flow cytometry is described in MIFlowCyt,1 microarray data by MIAME,2 T-cell assays by MIATA,3 and production of standardized tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells by MITAP,4 Authors are encouraged to use these resources as appropriate.
Use of Terminology
The key words “must,” “should,” and “may” in this document are to be interpreted as follows:
must: this word means that the information is an absolute requirement. Failure to provide this information is in strict violation of the specification.
EXAMPLE: the species and the source of the cell material are required for all experiments.
should: this word means that there may exist valid reasons for particular protocols to not provide these data, but that these data need to be provided if it is relevant to the protocol.
EXAMPLE: if the Tregs were generated or enriched using an antigen then this must be described, although there may be protocols where polyclonal Tregs are applied.
may: this word means that the data are optional and do not need to be included, but can be provided.
EXAMPLE: the health or age of the organism can be provided, but there may be protocols where this is not assessed, even though it could be.
These definitions are modified from RFC 2119 (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119).
(1) Cells at the start of procedure
This section describes the characteristics and state of the cells used in the procedure prior to any form of cell manipulation processes such as cell expansion and/or differentiation.
(a) Essential information about the donor
(i) Species and strain
The taxonomy of the organism from which the cells originated. You must use names according to the NCBI Taxonomy.5 If the strain of the species is known, you should indicate this.
EXAMPLE: Homo sapiens/human; Mus musculus, Rag−/−γc− (B6, H-2b)
(ii) Characteristics of the organism
Include information about the organism from which the cells originated that is not adequately described by the species/strain information. This may include details of their health, age, sex, or any treatments or environmental conditions to which they have been exposed to (e.g., medication). You may also include information that is specific to your laboratory, such as an individual identifier number. If you have purchased experimental animals (e.g., BALB/c mice) or tissues (e.g., human bone marrow) you should indicate the source of purchase.
EXAMPLE: healthy/volunteer/male/6-weeks-old/male/BALB/c mice/purchased from Charles River (Margate England)
(b) Source of cell material
The organ, tissue, or fluid from which the cells have been isolated must be stated. If you use a blood product you should state the product and the source (e.g., hospital department, blood bank) from where it was obtained. You should use terminology from Uberon,6 or the Foundational Model of Anatomy.7 You should also indicate the quantity of the sample by mass or volume, and, if applicable, which anti-coagulant was used. Additional details must be included if the source material was derived from cryopreserved samples (e.g., umbilical cord blood). This would include the methods and duration of storage and initial cell counts. The statement on use/ethics committee approval/written informed consent MUST be included.
EXAMPLE: apheresis/buffy coat/bone marrow aspirate/peripheral blood, Sanquin blood supply; 250ml; EDTA
(c) Cell separation process
(i) Cell handling and labeling
The methodology used to extract the cells from the source material must be stated. You should also indicate the time between cell material retrieval and start of the isolation process. You should indicate how the tissue was kept during this time, including the temperature and you may indicate the container and fluid. You must indicate cell labeling procedures, including characteristics and source of labeling buffers and reagents. Other details, such as cell suspension volume and concentration, incubation temperature and washing steps should be included.
EXAMPLE: apheresis products were stored overnight at 4°C; Tregs were enriched by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS® Technology); Cells were labeled with anti-CD8-coated magnetic beads (CliniMACS® CD8 Reagent, Miltenyi Biotec) in 95ml of PBS containing 1mmol/l EDTA and 0.5% human albumin (PBS/EDTA buffer, Miltenyi Biotec) for 30min at room temperature on an orbital shaker.
(ii) Cell separation equipment and process
The equipment (e.g., AutoMACS®, CliniMACS®, Aria III™ Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter) and process used to enrich for the cells of interest should be stated. The presence of the target population in the starting material should be described.
EXAMPLE: anti-CD8 bead-labeled cells were resuspended in 100ml of PBS/EDTA/0.5% HA. CD8+ cells were depleted with the use of the 2.1 depletion program on the CliniMACS® Cell Separation Device (Miltenyi Biotec).
(d) Phenotype
Characteristics of the cells that have been isolated should be described and how this has been determined. Where only a proportion of cells in the population display a characteristic, you should indicate the percentage.
(i) Cell surface and intracellular markers
Identifying molecules that are, or are not, expressed by the cells on their surface or intracellularly is useful. You should describe: (1) what you measured, (2) the methodology used for the measurement (including information on reagents; if using mAbs, information on clonotype, conjugate, and manufacturer must be provided), (3) whether the cells received a stimulus and for how long before the measurement was carried out, and (4) the method used to set marker or population positivity (e.g., fluorescence minus one method). You should use cluster of differentiation (CD) names when available (e.g., use CD62L instead of the alternative name L-selectin)—a full list of regularly updated CD numbers can be found on the website run by the HCDM8 (human cell differentiation molecules). Otherwise, you may use databases, e.g., Uniprot9 for proteins and ChEBI10 for non-protein organic molecules.
EXAMPLE: FOXP3 (PE-Cy7, clone PCH101, eBioscience) expression was measured directly after cell isolation by intracellular staining using the Foxp3/Transcription Factor Staining Buffer Set from eBioscience. Percentage of CD4+CD25highCD127−/lowFOXP3+lin−doublet− Treg cells was determined by flow cytometry (FACS Canto II™, Becton Dickinson). After the isolation, 98.0% (median, range 97–99.5%) of the cells presented this phenotype.
(ii) Secreted molecules
Molecules that are, or are not, secreted by the cells are useful to identify. These include cytokines (e.g., IL-10) and other soluble mediators. You should describe: (1) what you measured, (2) If using Abs, clone, conjugate and source of all antibodies and reagents used must be provided, (3) the methodology used for measurement, (4) cell density/milliliter of medium and plastic ware (e.g., 96 w round/flat bottom), (5) when supernatant was collected for cytokine concentration measurement, and (6) whether the cells received a stimulus and for how long before the measurement was carried out.
EXAMPLE: IFN-γ; ELISA; supernatant after 24 h of unstimulated cell culture.
(iii) Epigenetic modifications
Epigenetic modification relevant to the characteristics should be described if determined. Method of detection DNA demethylation should be clearly described.
EXAMPLE: the mean percentage of demethylated TSDR of the foxp3 gene in the Treg population was 7% (Epiontis, Berlin, Germany).
(iv) Specificity
Polyclonal or antigen-specific, especially genetic modifications to manipulate specificity should be described. You should describe: (1) what is the specificity of the cells, (2) the methodology used to obtain the specificity, and (3) the methodology used to confirm the specificity. To describe the specificity of your cells, you should use CD names when available (e.g., use CD19 instead of the alternative name B4)—a full list of regularly updated CD numbers can be found on the website run by the HCDM8 (human cell differentiation molecules). Otherwise, you may use databases, e.g., http://hla.alleles.org, for HLA alleles, Uniprot9 for proteins and ChEBI10 for non-protein organic molecules describing the targets for your cells.
EXAMPLE: HLA-A2-specific CAR (A2-CAR) Tregs were generated with lentiviral vectors encoding an HLA-A2-specific CAR by cloning and sequencing the heavy- and light-chain variable regions of the mAb and fusing the resulting scFv to portions of CD8, CD28, and CD3ζ in a second-generation CAR structure. Tetramers made from HLA-A2 were used to confirm the specificity of binding the cells to HLA-A2.
(e) Cell numbers
(i) Absolute cell number
You should indicate the total number of cells present after extraction, and how they have been counted.
EXAMPLE: 980 × 106 cells as determined by Coulter counting.
(ii) Viability
You should indicate the percentage of cells that are alive, and how this has been determined. The percentage of apoptotic cells should be stated if determined (indicate whether the starting material is fresh or frozen).
EXAMPLE: 95% viability as determined by trypan blue exclusion. 5% of CD3+ T-cells had a phenotype indicating early apoptosis (7-AAD−, AnnexinV+) as measured by flow cytometry.
(2) Expansion/differentiation
The section describes the protocol that has been used for expansion/differentiation of the isolated cells described in the previous section (Section 1). This process will hereafter be referred to as the expansion/differentiation process.
(a) Pre-culture conditions
The conditions under which the cells are kept after isolation but before starting the expansion/differentiation process (the fluid and type of container they are kept in, and at what temperature) should be described. The indication whether the starting material is fresh or thawed must be provided. You should also indicate the length of time between cell extraction and start of the expansion/differentiation process.
EXAMPLE: isolated cells were placed in PBS with1% human serum albumin in a Falcon tube and kept at room temperature for up to 30min before starting the culture.
(b) Culture conditions
The conditions under which the cells are kept during the expansion/differentiation process should be stated.
(i) Cell number
The number of cells used for the expansion/differentiation process should be stated, if different from numbers stated in Section 1ei.
EXAMPLE: in total 5 × 106 cells were put into culture
(ii) Cell concentration
The concentration of cells in the medium at the start of and throughout the expansion/differentiation process should be stated as cells/milliliter.
EXAMPLE: cells were put into culture at a concentration of 1 × 106 cells/ml
(iii) Culture medium
The medium in which the cells are grown must be described, including its source, and whether it has any additives (e.g., antibiotics, inactivated serum), excluding the stimuli that are described later. If you use more than one type of medium, or refresh the medium during the culture, then you should describe that here.
EXAMPLE: X-VIVO15 (Lonza) supplemented with5% human male type AB-serum (Sigma)
(iv) Culture container
The physical container in which the culture is carried out. This can include tissue culture plates, tissue culture bags or flasks. You should state the type of container, size and manufacturer. You should also indicate the total cell culture volume per container or well, as well as the total number of containers used.
EXAMPLE: 20 ml of medium in a 100 ml MACS Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Cell Differentiation bag (Miltenyi Biotec); 1 bag
(v) Culture environment
Describe the physical environment in which the cells are kept during the expansion/differentiation process. This should include the temperature and CO2 concentration. You should note whether medium has been pre-warmed. You may describe the equipment used to maintain the culture environment.
EXAMPLE: 37°C, 5% CO2; Medium was pre-warmed to 37°C; Sanyo CO2 incubator
(c) Expansion/Differentiation protocol
The protocol that is used to expand/differentiate the cells should be described. This must include the type and source of cytokine(s) or other agent(s) added into the medium, and at what time point and concentration should be included. You should also state the total length of the culture period as well as the rounds of stimulation, rounds of culture change, and the number of cell passages.
EXAMPLE: rapamycin (final concentration of 100nM; Rapamune®, Pfizer) was added on day 0, 2, 5, 7, and 9. IL-2 (final concentration of 500 IU/ml; Proleukin®, Novartis) was added on day 2, 5, 7, and 9. Cells were harvested on day 12.
(d) Stimulus
It should be stated whether the cells are expanded/differentiated polyclonally or in an antigen-specific manner or against an alloantigen. The protein(s), antibody(ies), accessory cells or other preparation(s) (e.g., antigen-presenting cells; APCs) with which the cells are stimulated must be named. You must describe the source of the preparation, concentration, and time point(s) at which it/they are added to the cell culture. Restimulation conditions, if any, should also be stated.
EXAMPLE: cells were stimulated with CD3/CD28 MACS GMP ExpAct Treg Beads (Miltenyi Biotec) at a 4:1 bead:cell ratio. Cells were stimulated with CD40-activated allogeneic B cells (30 Gy-irradiated) at a ratio of 10 B cells per nTreg cell.
(e) Storage
The conditions in which the cells are kept after completion of the expansion/differentiation process, but before being used in any subsequent experimental assay or treatment should be described. You should indicate the fluid and temperature in/at what the cells are being kept, as well as the length of time. You should indicate if cells are being frozen, and give details on the freezing and thawing procedures, including cell recovery and viability after thawing. You should also indicate if cells are taken out of their culture environment for any length of time during the expansion/differentiation process (e.g., if cells are frozen before completion of this process, with the aim to resume it at a later date).
EXAMPLE: cells were kept in PBS 1% human serum albumin (Sigma) in a 50ml Falcon tube at room temperature for a maximum of 2 h; Cells were frozen in FCS/10% DMSO.
(3) Cells after expansion/differentiation
This section describes the characteristics and state of the cells at the end of the expansion/differentiation process described in the previous section (Section 2).
(a) Phenotype
Characteristics of the cells at the end of their expansion/differentiation, including their specificity and purity (e.g., as% of target cells) must be described. Where only a proportion of cells in the population display a characteristic, you should indicate the percentage. You should report on the stability of the phenotype and how you determined this. It should be indicated if the phenotype of the cells post-expansion was determined using fresh viable cells, or rather after a freeze–thaw cycle in a batched analysis.
(i) Cell surface and intracellular markers
A number of phenotypic markers help to define the Treg cellular phenotype and specificity and are associated with distinct expression levels of surface and intracellular proteins. These markers are often characteristic of the transcriptional program of a cellular lineage and provide important information regarding the phenotypic stability and function of resulting cell products. You should describe: (1) what you measured, (2) the methodology used for measurement (including information on reagents; if using mAbs, information on clonotype, conjugate and manufacturer) must be provided, (3) whether the cells received a stimulus and for how long before the measurement was carried out, and (4) the method used to set marker or population positivity (e.g., fluorescence minus one method). You should use CD names when available (e.g., use CD127 instead of the alternative name IL-7Rα)—a full list of regularly updated CD numbers can be found on the website run by the HCDM (see footnote 8) (human cell differentiation molecules). Otherwise, you may use databases, e.g., http://hla.alleles.org, for HLA alleles, Uniprot (see footnote 9) for proteins and ChEBI (see footnote 10) for non-protein organic molecules.
EXAMPLE: intracellular IFN-γ and IL-17 expression was measured by flow cytometry after 4h incubation with 20ng/ml PMA and 1µg/ml Ionomycin in the presence of 1µl/ml GolgiPlug™ using the BD Cytofix/Cytoperm™ buffer set.
(ii) Secreted molecules
Indicate molecules that are, or are not, secreted by the cells. These include cytokines (e.g., IL-10) and other soluble mediators. You should describe: (1) what you measured, (2) if using mAbs, clone, conjugate, and source of all antibodies and reagents used must be provided, (3) the methodology used for the measurement, (4) cell density/ml of medium and plastic ware (e.g., 96 w round/flat bottom), (5) when supernatant was collected for cytokine concentration measurement, and (6) whether the cells received a stimulus and for how long before the measurement was carried out.
EXAMPLE: soluble IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-10 were measured in the cell culture supernatant at a cell density of 1 × 106 cells/ml by ELISA according to the manufacturers’ instruction.
(iii) Epigenetic modifications
Epigenetic modification relevant to the characteristics should be described if determined. Method of detection DNA demethylation should be clearly described.
EXAMPLE: the mean percentage of demethylated TSDR of the foxp3 gene in the Treg population was 97% (Epiontis, Berlin, Germany).
(b) Functional assay
You should describe any characteristic of the cells that has been measured by a functional assay (type of assays). This could either be the response of the cells to some stimulus or the behavior of other biological entities after exposure to the cells. There should be a clear indication of how the percentage of suppression was calculated (i.e., include formula). Whenever accessory cells such as responder cells are included in the assay, source and phenotype should be described. Behavior such as expression/production of molecules (described in Section 3a) does not need to be included.
EXAMPLE: proliferation-based suppression assay using CFSE labeled autologous CD4+CD25− responder cells; IFN-γ based suppression assay
(c) Cell numbers
(i) Absolute cell number
You must indicate the total number of cells present at the end of the expansion/differentiation process, and how they have been counted and fold expansion should be included.
EXAMPLE: cell numbers were microscopically determined using C-Chip disposable counting chambers from NanoEnTek and fold expansion to day 0 was calculated.
(ii) Viability
You must indicate the percentage of cells that are alive and how this has been determined should be included.
EXAMPLE: 83% viability as determined by trypan blue exclusion
(d) Dosing
Whenever cells are transferred into an organism, details about dosing must be given. For clinical applications, information on the vehicle (solvent/medium) as well as intermediate components (trace amounts possible) must be given.
EXAMPLE: a single dose of 1 × 107 total nucleated cells per kilogram of body weight in 50ml 0.9% NaCl was transfused i.v.
(e) Quality control
If the cells were produced for a clinical trial, you must describe release criteria and any methods used to determine sterility, specificity, purity, and quality of the product.
(4) About the protocol
In this section, we describe the general features about the protocol as a whole.
(a) Regulatory authority
Information about whether the protocol being used has been validated or quality-controlled to standards agreed to by an external regulatory authority must be stated. You should state the name of this authority. Also you should state whether the protocol follows GMP.
EXAMPLE: Medicines and Health Regulatory Authority
(b) Purpose
You must describe the overall purpose of the production of the cells.
EXAMPLE: prevention of transplant rejection; Treatment of patients affected by Crohns’ disease.
(c) The relationship between the organism of origin of the cells and the target organism
You must state if the cell product is autologous/allogeneic/xenogeneic/syngeneic to the recipient.
EXAMPLE: patients receiving allogeneic kidney transplants and autologous Tregs. B6 mice receiving allogeneic (BALB/c xB6) heart transplants and syngeneic (B6) Tregs.
(d) Contact details
You must provide the name and contact information of the corresponding author(s).
(e) Citation
You should add information that your paper was written in accordance with the Minimum Information for T Regulatory Cells reporting guidelines.
Appendix B
| (MITREG) Checklist | |||
| Must | Should | May | |
| (1) Cells at the start of procedure | |||
| (a) Essential information about the donor | |||
| (i) Species and strain | |||
 | Species | ||
 | Strain (if applicable) | ||
| (ii) Characteristics of the organism | |||
 | Health | ||
| Age | ||
| Treatment/Environment | ||
| Individual identifier number | ||
| Source of purchase (if applicable) | ||
| (b) Source of cell material | |||
| Organ, tissue, fluid, or blood product | ||
| Source (if applicable) | ||
| Quantity (volume, size, or weight) | ||
| Anti-coagulant (if applicable) | ||
| If using cryopreserved sample | |||
| Method and duration of storage | ||
| Initial cell counts | ||
| Ethical committee approval/written informed consent | ||
| (c) Cell separation process | |||
| (i) Cell handling and labeling | |||
| Cell extraction method | ||
| Tissue conditions between tissue retrieval and cell separation | |||
| Duration | ||
| Temperature | ||
| Container | ||
| Fluid | ||
| Cell labeling | |||
| Buffers and reagents (incl. source) | ||
| Cell suspension volume and concentration | ||
| Incubation temperature and duration | ||
| Washing steps | ||
| (ii) Cell separation equipment and process | |||
| Methodology | ||
| Equipment | ||
| Presence of target cells in starting material described | ||
| (d) Phenotype | |||
| For any of the below, indicate the percentage of cells displaying the characteristic (if known) | ||
| (i) Cell surface and intracellular markers | |||
| Molecules measured [using cluster of differentiation (CD) names] | ||
| Details of reagents used and source (incl. mAb clone, fluorochrome) | ||
| Methodology | ||
| Stimulus and time of stimulation (if applicable) | ||
| Gating strategy to determine positive cells | ||
| (ii) Secreted molecules | |||
| Molecules measured | ||
| Details of reagents used (incl. mAb clone, conjugate) and source | ||
| Methodology | ||
| Cell density/ml of medium and type of tissue culture plate | ||
| Time point of supernatant collection | ||
| Stimulus and time of stimulation (if applicable) | ||
| (iii) Epigenetic modifications | |||
| Epigenetic modification relevant to the characteristics | ||
| (iv) Specificity | |||
| Specificity of the cells (polyclonal or antigen-specific) | ||
| Methodology used to obtain specificity | ||
| Methodology used to confirm specificity | ||
| (e) Cell numbers | |||
| (i) Absolute cell number | |||
| Total number of cells at the end of the isolation process | ||
| Methodology | ||
| (ii) Viability | |||
| Percentage of viable cells | ||
| Methodology | ||
| (2) Expansion/differentiation | |||
| (a) Pre-culture conditions | |||
| Storage conditions | |||
| Fluid | ||
| Type of container | ||
| Temperature | ||
| Fresh or thawed | ||
| Storage time | ||
| (b) Culture conditions | |||
| (i) Cell number | |||
| The total number of cells put into culture | ||
| (ii) Cell concentration | |||
| The number of cells per ml of medium at start of culture | ||
| (iii) Culture medium | |||
| Type(s) of medium | ||
| Source(s) | ||
| Additives (excluding agents to maintain/induce T regulatory cells) | ||
| Refreshment of the medium | ||
| (iv) Culture container | |||
| Type of container | ||
| Size | ||
| Manufacturer | ||
| Cell culture volume per container or well | ||
| Total number of containers or wells | ||
| (v) Culture environment | |||
| Temperature and CO2 concentration | ||
| Use of pre-warmed medium | ||
| Equipment | ||
| (c) Differentiation/tolerization protocol | |||
| Name of cytokine(s) or other agent(s) used | ||
| Concentrations | ||
| Time point(s) added to cell culture | ||
| Total length of the culture period | ||
| Rounds of stimulation | ||
| Number of cell splitting | ||
| (d) Stimulus | |||
| Polyclonal/antigen-specific/alloantigen | ||
| Stimulus (agent and/or accessory cell) | ||
| Source | ||
| Concentration | ||
| Time point(s) added to culture | ||
| Restimulation conditions (if applicable) | ||
| (e) Storage | |||
| Storage time | ||
| Storage conditions | |||
| If fresh | |||
| Fluid | ||
| Container | ||
| Temperature | ||
| If cryopreserved | |||
| Freezing/thawing process | ||
| Freezing medium | ||
| Cell recovery and viability after thawing | ||
| Time point at which cells are stored if different to the end of the culture process | ||
| (3) Cells after expansion/differentiation | |||
| (a) Phenotype | |||
| For any of the below, indicate the percentage of cells displaying the characteristic (if known) | ||
| Stability of the phenotype (if tested) | ||
| Phenotype tested on fresh or thawed cells | ||
| (i) Cell surface and intracellular markers | |||
| Molecules measured (using CD names) | ||
| Details of reagents used and source | ||
| Methodology | ||
| Stimulus and time of stimulation (if applicable) | ||
| Gating strategy to determine positive cells | ||
| (ii) Secreted molecules | |||
| Molecules measured | ||
| Details of reagents used and source | ||
| Methodology | ||
| Cell density/milliliter of medium and type of tissue culture plate | ||
| Time point of supernatant collection | ||
| Stimulus and time of stimulation (if applicable) | ||
| (iii) Epigenetic modifications | |||
| Epigenetic modification relevant to the characteristics | ||
| (b) Functional assay | |||
| Response of the cells to a defined stimulus | ||
| Behaviour of other biological entities after exposure to the cells | ||
| If using accessory cells, describe phenotype and source | ||
| (c) Cell numbers | |||
| (i) Absolute cell number | |||
| Total number of cells at the end of the expansion process | ||
| Methodology | ||
| (ii) Viability | |||
| Percentage of viable cells | ||
| Methodology | ||
| (d) Dosing | |||
| Dose of cells transferred into organism (if applicable) | ||
| Vehicle (solvent/medium) and intermediate components (for clinical trials only) | ||
| (e) Quality control (for clinical trial only) | |||
| Specificity | ||
| Purity | ||
| Sterility | ||
| Potency | ||
| (4) About the protocol | |||
| (a) Regulatory authority | |||
| External authority that approved the protocol | ||
| Does protocol follow Good Manufacturing Practice? | ||
| (b) Purpose | |||
| The disorder for which the cell treatment has been manufactured | ||
| (c) Relationship between the source organism for the cells and the target organism | |||
| Allogeneic/autologous/xenogeneic/syngeneic | ||
| (d) Contact details | |||
| Name and contact information of the corresponding author(s) | ||
| (e) Citation | |||
| Acknowledge the MITREG reporting guidelines | ||
Summary
Keywords
minimum information model, T regulatory cells, immunotherapy, good manufacturing practice, cell therapy, immune tolerance
Citation
Fuchs A, Gliwiński M, Grageda N, Spiering R, Abbas AK, Appel S, Bacchetta R, Battaglia M, Berglund D, Blazar B, Bluestone JA, Bornhäuser M, ten Brinke A, Brusko TM, Cools N, Cuturi MC, Geissler E, Giannoukakis N, Gołab K, Hafler DA, van Ham SM, Hester J, Hippen K, Di Ianni M, Ilic N, Isaacs J, Issa F, Iwaszkiewicz-Grześ D, Jaeckel E, Joosten I, Klatzmann D, Koenen H, van Kooten C, Korsgren O, Kretschmer K, Levings M, Marek-Trzonkowska NM, Martinez-Llordella M, Miljkovic D, Mills KHG, Miranda JP, Piccirillo CA, Putnam AL, Ritter T, Roncarolo MG, Sakaguchi S, Sánchez-Ramón S, Sawitzki B, Sofronic-Milosavljevic L, Sykes M, Tang Q, Vives-Pi M, Waldmann H, Witkowski P, Wood KJ, Gregori S, Hilkens CMU, Lombardi G, Lord P, Martinez-Caceres EM and Trzonkowski P (2018) Minimum Information about T Regulatory Cells: A Step toward Reproducibility and Standardization. Front. Immunol. 8:1844. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01844
Received
21 October 2017
Accepted
06 December 2017
Published
15 January 2018
Volume
8 - 2017
Edited by
David William Scott, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, United States
Reviewed by
Awen Gallimore, Cardiff University, United Kingdom; Lei Huang, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
Updates
Copyright
© 2018 Fuchs, Gliwiński, Grageda, Spiering, Abbas, Appel, Bacchetta, Battaglia, Berglund, Blazar, Bluestone, Bornhäuser, ten Brinke, Brusko, Cools, Cuturi, Geissler, Giannoukakis, Gołab, Hafler, van Ham, Hester, Hippen, Di Ianni, Ilic, Isaacs, Issa, Iwaszkiewicz-Grześ, Jaeckel, Joosten, Klatzmann, Koenen, van Kooten, Korsgren, Kretschmer, Levings, Marek-Trzonkowska, Martinez-Llordella, Miljkovic, Mills, Miranda, Piccirillo, Putnam, Ritter, Roncarolo, Sakaguchi, Sánchez-Ramón, Sawitzki, Sofronic-Milosavljevic, Sykes, Tang, Vives-Pi, Waldmann, Witkowski, Wood, Gregori, Hilkens, Lombardi, Lord, Martinez-Caceres and Trzonkowski.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Silvia Gregori, gregori.silvia@hsr.it; Catharien Hilkens, catharien.hilkens@newcastle.ac.uk; Giovanna Lombardi, giovanna.lombardi@kcl.ac.uk; Phillip Lord, phillip.lord@newcastle.ac.uk; Eva M. Martinez-Caceres, emmartinez.germanstrias@gencat.cat; Piotr Trzonkowski, ptrzon@gumed.edu.pl
†These authors have contributed equally to this work.
Specialty section: This article was submitted to Immunological Tolerance and Regulation, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology
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