MINI REVIEW article
Front. Immunol.
Sec. Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1569503
This article is part of the Research TopicNovel CNS targeting Molecules, Methods, and Therapeutics in Multiple SclerosisView all 5 articles
Brain-derived blood biomarkers in multiple sclerosis -current trends and beyond
Provisionally accepted
Shamundeeswari Anandan1,2*
Karina Maciak3
Regina Breinbauer4Sepideh Mostafavi2Christopher Elnan Kvistad2
Oivind Torkildsen1,2Kjell-Morten Myhr1,2- 1University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- 2Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Hordaland, Norway
- 3University of Łódź, Łódź, Łódź, Poland
- 4Faculty of Sciences, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the nervous system and a main cause of neurological disability in young adults. Most disease modifying therapies are administrated as long-term maintenance therapies and may thereby increase the risk of infections and other immune-mediated side-effects. In the last years, several cerebrospinal fluid and soluble blood biomarkers has been suggested as potential key tools for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring of MS. Recently, the specific ability of brain-derived blood extracellular vesicles (EVs) that cross the blood-brain-barrier into the bloodstream, reflecting the current immune status of the central nervous system (CNS), has kindled interest as potential biomarkers. In this review, we discuss the current trends of clinical brain-derived blood biomarkers, with a special focus on the emerging role of brain-derived blood EVs in MS.
Keywords: multiple sclerosis (MS), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain-derived blood biomarkers, Extracellular vesicles (EVs), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Received: 31 Jan 2025; Accepted: 26 May 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Anandan, Maciak, Breinbauer, Mostafavi, Kvistad, Torkildsen and Myhr. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Shamundeeswari Anandan, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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