ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Immunol.
Sec. Systems Immunology
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1586271
This article is part of the Research TopicSystems Immunology and Translational Research in Infectious DiseasesView all 5 articles
Reverse vaccinology-based design of multivalent multiepitope mRNA vaccines targeting key viral proteins of Herpes Simplex Virus Type-2
Provisionally accepted- 1ICMR-National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research, Pune, India
- 2Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi, India
- 3Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- 4Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, College of Nursing, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 5Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 6Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Introduction: Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 or HSV-2 is a major cause of genital herpes, contributing to increased susceptibility to HIV, encephalitis, and other severe complications. Despite the availability of antiviral therapies such as acyclovir, their effectiveness is limited due to resistance and side effects, emphasizing the urgent need for an effective vaccine.Methods: This study employed reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics to design five multivalent, multiepitope mRNA vaccine constructs targeting HSV-2. Four key viral proteins—Glycoprotein B (gB), Ribonucleoside-diphosphate Reductase large subunit (RIR1), Infected Cell Protein 0 (ICP0), and VP23—were selected based on their roles in viral replication and immune evasion. Epitopes for Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CD8+), Helper T Lymphocytes (CD4+), and B cells were predicted and rigorously filtered for antigenicity, non-toxicity, and cytokine induction. Vaccine constructs were designed incorporating 50S ribosomal protein, Human β-defensin 3, and PADRE as adjuvants to enhance immune responses. Structural validation, molecular docking, codon optimization, and physiochemical analysis were performed to assess stability and immunogenic potential.Results: The vaccine constructs demonstrated favourable physiochemical properties, structural stability, and high antigenicity. Molecular docking revealed strong binding affinities between the predicted epitopes and their respective MHC class I and class II alleles. Proteasomal cleavage analysis confirmed efficient antigen processing, while codon optimization ensured compatibility with the human translational machinery. Computational immune simulations predicted a strong humoral and cellular immune response, including high IgG and IgM levels, robust CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation, and cytokine production.Conclusion: The rationally designed multiepitope mRNA vaccine constructs exhibit strong antigenic potential, structural stability, and immune-stimulatory properties, positioning them as promising candidates for HSV-2 vaccine development. These findings offer a novel, safe, and effective approach to HSV-2 immunization, warranting further experimental validation and preclinical studies.
Keywords: HSV-2, mRNA vaccine, reverse vaccinology, multiepitope vaccine, immunoinformatics, Vaccine Design
Received: 02 Mar 2025; Accepted: 28 Apr 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Suneesh, Dhotre, Mahajan, Dass, Banerjee, Siddiqi, Malik, Joshi, Khan, Nema and Mukherjee. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Anupam Mukherjee, ICMR-National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research, Pune, India
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