The chemokines CCL22 and CCL17 are a defining feature of type 2 stimulated human lung macrophages and exhibit different metabolic dependencies

Amanda J L Ridley¹Annabel J Curle¹Stefano Colombo¹Joshua J Hughes¹Douglas Philip Dyer^2,3Angela Simpson⁴Maria Feeney⁵Peter C Cook^1,6Andrew S MacDonald^1,7*

• ¹Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom, Manchester, United Kingdom
• ²Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
• ³Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Group, University of Manchester,, Manchester, United Kingdom
• ⁴Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom, Manchester, United Kingdom
• ⁵GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage Hertfordshire, United Kingdom, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
• ⁶Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, Exeter, United Kingdom
• ⁷Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Although human lung macrophages are heterogenous and play key roles during health and disease, the mechanisms that govern their activation and function are unclear, particularly in type 2 settings. Our understanding of how human lung macrophages respond to inflammatory signals have predominantly relied on cell lines or peripheral blood derived cells, which have a limited capacity to reflect the complexity of tissue macrophage responses. Therefore, we isolated macrophages from resected human lung tissue and stimulated them ex vivo under type 2 (IL-4, IL-13, or IL-4 + IL-13) or type 1 (IFNγ + LPS) conditions. Human lung macrophages stimulated with IL-4/13, alone or in combination, significantly upregulated expression of the chemokines CCL17, CCL18 and CCL22, along with the transglutaminase TGM2 and the lipoxygenase ALOX15. This type 2 activation profile was distinct from LPS + IFNγ activated human lung macrophages, which upregulated IL6, IL8, IL1β, TNFα and CHI3L1 (YKL-40). Further, type 2 activated human lung macrophage products showed differential metabolic reliance for their induction, with IL-4/13 induced CCL22 being glycolytically controlled, while ALOX15 was regulated by fatty acid oxidation. These data clarify hallmarks of human lung macrophage activation and polarisation in addition to revealing novel metabolic regulation of type 2 markers.