ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Immunol.
Sec. Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology
Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of Paraneoplastic Syndromes: A Single-Center Cohort Study in Northern China
Provisionally accepted
- 1Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- 2Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- 3Shandong University, Jinan, China
- 4Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, China
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Purpose: To explore the clinical features, treatment, and prognosis of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS). Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, the records of 114 patients diagnosed with probable (n = 65) or definite (n = 49) PNS between July 2016 and October 2024 were analyzed. Short-term outcome was defined as the point decrease in modified Rankin Scale score from peak disease to discharge(Δmodified Rankin Scale). Long-term prognosis was determined by mortality at last follow-up. Prognostic factors were identified using logistic regression and Cox models. The impact of tumors and high-risk antibodies on survival were assessed by Kaplan–Meier curves . Results: Of the 114 patients, 65 (57.0%) were males. The median age was 63 years. Muscle weakness (53.5%) was most common, followed by seizures and altered consciousness. Associated tumors occurred in 66.7% of patients, mainly lung (65.8%) and breast cancer (9.2%). Antibodies were detected in 79.8%, including (single and multiple antibody types) anti-GABABR (24.2%), anti-Hu (19.8%), and anti-SOX1 (19.8%). Multiple antibodies were detected in 18.4%, including anti-Hu plus anti-SOX1 (19.0%), anti-SOX1 plus anti-GABABR (14.3%), and others. Independent factors associated with short-term favorable outcome (Δmodified Rankin Scale ≥1) were age < 65 years(OR = 3.41, 95% CI: 1.45–7.98, P = 0.005), CNS involvement (OR = 2.46, 95% CI: 1.05–5.80, P = 0.039), and immunotherapy (OR = 5.12, 95% CI: 1.70–15.42, P = 0.004). The median survival was 32 months (IQR, 12–106), the 3-year survival rate was 45.8%. SCLC (HR = 3.04, 95% CI: 1.71–5.41, P < 0.001) and high-risk antibodies (HR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.17–3.62, P = 0.012) were independently associated with higher mortality. Conclusions: Age < 65 years, CNS involvement and immunotherapy are relevant to favorable short-term outcome. SCLC and high-risk antibodies are adverse factors of long-term survival in PNS.
Keywords: clinical outcomes, Encephalitis, Long term follow-up, Paraneoplastic syndrome, prognosis
Received: 29 Sep 2025; Accepted: 15 Dec 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Hu, Wang, Xiao, Qin, Guo and Wang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Chunjuan Wang
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