Telitacicept for systemic lupus erythematosus-associated peripheral neuropathy: a case report

Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a challenging manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with limited evidence-based treatment guidelines. Current standard therapies, including glucocorticoids (GCs) and cyclophosphamide (CYC), are often effective but carry significant risks, such as gonadal toxicity with CYC, which is a major concern for young women. This case report describes the successful use of telitacicept, a novel dual inhibitor of B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), in a 37-year-old female with SLE-associated PN. The patient had a 17-year history of SLE and lupus nephritis, previously treated with high cumulative doses of CYC (13.2g), GCs, and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). She developed PN in 2023, confirmed by electromyography showing axonal and demyelinating lesions. Due to her age and fertility concerns, subcutaneous telitacicept (160 mg/week) was added to her ongoing regimen of prednisone (10 mg/day) and MMF. Following telitacicept initiation, the patient’s neuropathic symptoms (numbness and hypoesthesia) completely resolved within months. Inflammatory markers (ESR, hs-CRP) and complement levels normalized, and proteinuria decreased. This clinical improvement allowed for a significant reduction in prednisone to 2.5 mg/day and MMF dosage. A follow-up electromyography eight months later showed no abnormalities. To our knowledge, this is the first report of telitacicept use for SLE-PN. It demonstrates that telitacicept can be a highly effective and steroid-sparing therapy, offering a safer alternative for patients where conventional immunosuppressants like CYC are contraindicated, particularly those of reproductive age. Future studies should explore parallels with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-related neuropathies.

Introduction

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of diverse autoantibodies and immune complexes, which can lead to damage in multiple organ systems. Neuropsychiatric events in SLE are quite common, affecting up to 5% of the patients having other systemic manifestations (1). The reported frequency of peripheral nervous system (PNS) involvement in SLE patients with neuropsychiatric (NP) manifestations ranges from 4.9% to 7.6% (2, 3). A 2019 cohort study involving 1827 patients with NPSLE found that PNS manifestations occurred in 7.6% of participants, with polyneuropathies (PNP) being the most common (41%), followed by single and multiplex mononeuropathies (MNP) (27.3%) (2). Electrophysiological studies revealed axonal damage in 41.7% and demyelination in 21.7% of patients diagnosed with PNP or MNP (2). It is important to note that no universally accepted consensus or clear guidelines currently exist regarding the treatment of SLE-associated peripheral neuropathy (PN). According to the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR), glucocorticoids (GCs)—either alone or in combination with other immunosuppressive agents—are recommended for managing SLE-associated PN, while interventions such as plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulins, and rituximab are generally reserved for severe cases (1). These EULAR recommendations are primarily derived from studies focusing broadly on neuropsychiatric manifestations of SLE rather than specifically on PNS involvement. Although one randomized clinical trial (RCT) was referenced, it included only seven patients with PN (4). Despite the limited direct evidence, the strength of the recommendation was graded as A, supported by a category 1 level of evidence (4–9).

B cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of SLE (10), as their dysregulated activation, differentiation, and survival result in the secretion of autoantibodies that contribute to systemic tissue injury. The cytokines B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) are critically involved in regulating B-cell maturation and differentiation processes (11). Telitacicept is a significant biologic agent that potently inhibits the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of B cells and plasma cells through specific dual targeting of BLyS and APRIL. It also demonstrates potential in suppressing the activity of long-lived plasma cells (12). Although approved in China in March 2021 for treating SLE (13), its broader clinical adoption has been constrained by high treatment costs.

This case report details a 37-year-old female patient with SLE, initially diagnosed in 2008, who developed PN in 2023—15 years after the SLE diagnosis. The patient achieved complete remission following telitacicept therapy, providing the first evidence of its efficacy in SLE-PN. Recent studies also support telitacicept’s role in neurological complications post-immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as neuropathy, suggesting a broader application in immune-mediated neuropathies (14, 15). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a patient with SLE-associated PN who received telitacicept treatment.

Case report

The patient is a 37-year-old unmarried woman without children. Figure 1 illustrates the clinical timeline, summarizing key events from 2008 to 2025, including disease course, interventions, and outcomes. Seventeen years ago (on June 27, 2008), she presented with facial erythema and edema without any obvious precipitating factors, accompanied by pain in both hands and knees. She sought medical attention at Wuhan Union Hospital (Wuhan, China), where examinations revealed decreased complement levels, positive ANA, anti-dsDNA antibody, and anti-Sm antibody results, along with 3+ proteinuria. A renal biopsy was performed, and the pathology indicated lupus nephritis (LN) (types IV and V). The diagnosis was SLE with LN. She was treated with GCs. On August 24, 2008, she commenced monthly cyclophosphamide (CYC) injections at a dose of 1 gram per injection, accumulating a total of 6.2 grams over one year. Subsequently, her urine protein test turned negative, and she discontinued CYC injections. During this period, she only took oral prednisone, with the dosage gradually tapered to 10 milligrams once daily. Eleven years ago (on March 20, 2014), due to the recurrence of positive urine protein, she visited Futian Xiangmihu Rheumatism Hospital (Shenzhen, China) and resumed CYC injections every two weeks at a dose of 0.4-0.6 grams per injection. After her urine protein test turned negative again, she discontinued CYC. The last injection was administered on January 7, 2016, with a cumulative dose of 7 grams.

Figure 1

Figure 1. Treatment timeline and clinical course of a patient with SLE-associated peripheral neuropathy treated with telitacicept.PN, peripheral neuropathy; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; LN, lupus nephritis; GCs, glucocorticoids; CYC, cyclophosphamide; MMF, mycophenolate mofetil; EMG, electromyography; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.

Seven years ago, the patient visited Peking University Shenzhen Hospital (Shenzhen, China) due to aggravated joint pain. The anti-dsDNA antibody test returned positive at 319.8 IU/ml, and the ANA test showed a 1:320 titer with granular and nucleolar patterns. The urine protein test was suspected to be positive. The dosage of prednisone was increased to 15 mg once daily, and mycophenolate mofetil was prescribed at 0.75 g in the morning and 0.5 g in the evening. The patient’s joint pain subsequently improved, allowing for a reduction in prednisone to 10 mg once daily.

In October 2023, the patient presented with numbness and hypoesthesia localized to the right knee and lower leg, without motor weakness, muscle atrophy, or reflex abnormalities. No other focal neurological signs were observed. From November 2 to 8, 2023, the patient was hospitalized at Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Shenzhen Hospital (Shenzhen, China). Blood tests revealed an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of 54 mm/h, a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level of 14.25 mg/L, Complement 3 (C3) at 0.69 g/L, C4 at 0.09 g/L (Table 1), and a positive c-ANCA result. However, a confirmatory PR3-ANCA ELISA test was negative, and systemic evaluation (e.g., renal function, urinalysis, chest X-ray) showed no evidence of vasculitis, consistent with SLE without a separate vasculitic process. The 24-hour urine protein excretion was measured at 179.8 mg. Nerve-electromyography in the limbs indicated: 1. Segmental lesions in the bilateral ulnar nerves at the elbow, characterized by motor fiber involvement and demyelinating changes; 2. Peripheral lesions in the right superficial peroneal nerve, with sensory fiber involvement and axonal damage, along with myogenic damage in the right anterior tibial muscle and right vastus medialis muscle (data not shown). It is essential to provide patients with a comprehensive and detailed explanation of the advantages and disadvantages of the treatment plan. For instance, continuous use of CYC pulse therapy may lead to premature ovarian failure due to the excessive accumulation of CYC in the body (16–19). High-dose glucocorticoid therapy may cause adverse reactions such as moon face, buffalo hump, osteoporosis, and gastrointestinal ulcers (20–22). When treated with Benlysta, patients are required to be hospitalized regularly for infusion therapy (23). In contrast, telitacicept avoids the side effects associated with CYC and high-dose GCs previously mentioned (13). Patients can simply receive treatment in outpatient settings, but it requires weekly administration and comes at a relatively higher cost. The patient continued oral administration of mycophenolate mofetil at 0.75 g in the morning and 0.5 g in the evening, with prednisone maintained at 10 mg once daily. On November 8, 2023, subcutaneous injections of telitacicept were initiated at a dose of 160 mg once weekly (13). The patient did not receive concomitant therapies such as IVIG, vitamin supplements, gabapentin, or other immunomodulators during telitacicept treatment. The patient began receiving medical treatment at People's Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen (Shenzhen, China) on November 15, 2023, and continued the previous treatment plan. The numbness and hypoesthesia in the right knee and right lower leg gradually improved, and subsequent blood tests showed that the ESR, hs-CRP, C3, and C4 levels normalized (Table 1). By July 18, 2024, the patient experienced complete resolution of the numbness and hypoest in the right knee and right lower leg. Although no formal patient-reported outcome scale was administered, her subjective symptom diary and clinical evaluations consistently indicated progressive recovery. The administration of telitacicept was then adjusted to every three weeks at a dose of 160 mg, prednisone was reduced to 2.5 mg once daily, and MMF was decreased to 0.5 g twice daily. On March 12, 2025, a follow-up nerve-electromyography in the limbs showed no evidence of neurogenic or myogenic damage (Figure 2). Due to the absence of assessment for peripheral neuropathy in the SLEDAI-2K scoring system, the patient experienced peripheral neuropathy in 2023, which was accompanied by hypocomplementemia (score 2), but did not show symptoms like arthritis, proteinuria, rash, alopecia, or oral ulcers. Hence, the score for this stage was set at 2. Following treatment, the aforementioned symptoms improved, resulting in a score reduction to 0.

Table 1

Table 1. Changes in ESR, hs-CRP, C3, and C4 levels before and after treatment with telitacicept.

Figure 2

Figure 2. Electromyography report showing nerve conduction study results and needle electromyography findings.

Discussion

SLE is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by multisystem involvement, including the PNS. PN, a common neurological manifestation of SLE, affects approximately 5-18% of patients and can present as mononeuropathy, polyneuropathy, or autonomic dysfunction, often leading to significant morbidity (3, 24, 25). The pathogenesis involves immune-mediated mechanisms such as vasculitis, autoantibody deposition (e.g., anti-dsDNA, anti-ribosomal P), and cytokine-driven inflammation, which damage nerve fibers (18, 26, 27). Treatment typically relies on immunosuppressive agents like GCs and CYC, but these are associated with substantial toxicities, particularly in young women of reproductive age (17, 20, 22). This case illustrates the challenges in managing SLE with peripheral neuropathy and highlights the emerging role of telitacicept, a novel BLyS/APRIL dual inhibitor, as an effective and safer alternative. We discuss the implications of GCs and CYC therapies, the rationale for telitacicept use, and its application in this patient, supported by evidence from recent literature.

GCs remain the first-line therapy for inducing remission in active SLE, including neuropsychiatric manifestations (28–30). They exert rapid anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects by modulating gene expression, inhibiting cytokine production, and reducing immune cell activation (20–22). In this case, the patient received prednisone at doses up to 15 mg/day, which initially controlled disease activity but posed risks of long-term complications. High-dose or prolonged GCs use is linked to numerous adverse effects, including osteoporosis, avascular necrosis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, Cushingoid features (e.g., moon face, buffalo hump), gastrointestinal ulcers, and increased infection susceptibility (31–33). For instance, GCs can cause hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression (34) and metabolic syndrome (35), impacting quality of life (21). The EULAR guidelines recommend minimizing GCs exposure by using the lowest effective dose (preferably ≤5 mg/day prednisone equivalent) and tapering rapidly once remission is achieved to reduce damage accrual (36, 37). However, many patients, like this one, experience flares requiring sustained GCs therapy, leading to irreversible organ damage (38–40). Steroid-sparing agents are thus crucial, and telitacicept offers a promising option by allowing GCs reduction, as seen in this case where prednisone was tapered to 2.5 mg/day after telitacicept initiation (27, 41, 42).

CYC is an alkylating agent used for severe SLE manifestations, such as LN and neuropsychiatric involvement (18), due to its potent immunosuppressive effects. However, its use is limited by dose-dependent toxicities, including myelosuppression, hemorrhagic cystitis, malignancies, and gonadal failure (19). Gonadal toxicity is particularly relevant for young women, as CYC can cause premature ovarian failure (POF), leading to infertility (16, 17, 19). Studies show that the risk of POF increases with cumulative CYC dose (>10 g) and older age at treatment initiation (17, 19). In this patient, a 37-year-old unmarried woman without children, the cumulative CYC dose reached 13.2 g over two treatment courses (6.2 g in 2008–2009 and 7 g in 2014-2016), significantly elevating her risk of POF. This risk necessitated a switch to a safer agent, as fertility preservation is a priority. Guidelines recommend gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (e.g., leuprolide) for ovarian protection during CYC therapy (16, 17), but these were not utilized here, underscoring the importance of individualized treatment plans. The transition to telitacicept avoided further gonadal damage, aligning with recommendations to minimize CYC exposure in women desiring fertility (12, 43).

Telitacicept is a recombinant fusion protein comprising the transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) receptor fused to the Fc domain of human IgG1 (12, 13, 44). It inhibits both BLyS and APRIL, key cytokines involved in B-cell activation, differentiation, and autoantibody production (12, 13, 45). By neutralizing these cytokines, telitacicept reduces the survival of autoreactive B cells and plasma cells, modulating the autoimmune response in SLE (12, 45). In a phase 2b trial (NCT02885610), telitacicept demonstrated significant efficacy in reducing SLE disease activity, manifested by SLE Responder Index-4 (SRI-4) response rates of 71.0%, 68.3%, and 75.8% at week 48 for the 80 mg, 160 mg, and 240 mg weekly doses, respectively, compared to 33.9% with placebo (all p < 0.001) (41). It also allowed for GCs tapering and improved serological markers (e.g., reduction in anti-dsDNA antibodies and normalization of complement levels) (27, 41, 46). In this case, telitacicept 160 mg weekly led to the resolution of PN symptoms (numbness and hypoesthesia), normalized the inflammatory markers (ESR and hs-CRP), improved complement levels (C3 and C4), and reduced proteinuria, consistent with clinical trial outcomes (42, 47–49). The patient’s ability to taper prednisone to 2.5 mg/day and reduce MMF dosage highlights its steroid-sparing benefit (27, 42, 46).

Telitacicept offers several advantages over GCs and CYC (1): ​​Safety Profile​​: It has a favorable safety profile with low rates of serious infections and no gonadal toxicity, making it suitable for long-term use (49–51). In clinical trials, adverse events were mostly mild, such as upper respiratory infections, and no increased risk of malignancies was reported (49) (2). ​​Administration​​: Unlike CYC, which requires intravenous pulses and hospitalization, telitacicept is administered subcutaneously in outpatient settings, improving convenience and quality of life (49, 50) (3). ​​Fertility Preservation​​: By avoiding CYC-induced gonadal damage, telitacicept is ideal for young women desiring fertility, as in this case (17, 52) (4). ​​Efficacy in Neuropathy​​: Although data specifically on SLE-associated neuropathy are limited (49, 51), telitacicept’s broader B-cell targeting may address neuroinflammation driven by autoantibodies, as evidenced by improved nerve function in this patient. Real-world studies support its use in refractory SLE cases (49, 51).

PN in SLE results from vasculitic ischemia, axonal degeneration, or demyelination due to immune complex deposition and cytokine release (25, 53, 54). In this patient, electromyography revealed segmental ulnar nerve lesions and superficial peroneal nerve involvement, consistent with SLE-related neuropathy. Traditional treatments include high-dose GCs and CYC, but responses are variable, and relapses are common (18, 55). Telitacicept’s targeting of BLyS/APRIL may mitigate neuroinflammation by reducing autoantibody production and B-cell infiltration (49, 50, 56). The complete EMG normalization in this case, though uncommon in SLE-PN, may be attributed to early and effective B-cell targeting by telitacicept, which suppressed inflammation and facilitated neural repair. Future studies should focus on telitacicept’s role in neurological manifestations of SLE.

This case demonstrates the successful use of telitacicept in a young woman with SLE and PN, where concerns about CYC-induced infertility guided therapeutic choice. Telitacicept provided effective disease control, GCs sparing, and a favorable safety profile. Future research should explore telitacicept’s long-term effects on fertility, quality of life, and neuropathy outcomes. As personalized medicine advances, telitacicept may become a first-line option for SLE patients prioritizing fertility and minimizing steroid exposure.

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Ethics statement

Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.

Author contributions

JT: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. HH: Writing – original draft, Investigation, Resources, LT: Writing – review & editing, Data Curation, Visualization, BL: Writing – review & editing, Methodology, Validation, XW: Writing – review & editing. RS: Writing – review & editing, Formal analysis, JL: Writing – review & editing, Resources, HY: Supervision, HZ: Project administration.

Funding

The author(s) declared that financial support was received for this work and/or its publication. The present report was supported by the Scientific Research Projects of Medical and Health Institutions of Longhua District, Shenzhen (grant no. 2022046).

Conflict of interest

The authors declared that this work was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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