ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Immunol.
Sec. Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy
Beyond tumor mutation burden: tumor neoantigen burden as a superior prognostic biomarker in resected gastric cancer
Provisionally accepted
Tingting Lu1Jingyi Cao2Peng Liu2Xiaoxin Pan2Yiming Shen2Jian Wang2Zhida Chen1Yi Liu1Fenglin Zhang1Haiya Zhang1Gan Zhang1Yi Wang2Ji Wan2*
Hongqing Xi1*- 1Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- 2Shenzhen Neocurna Biotechnology Corporation, Shenzhen, China
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Gastric cancer is one of the most diagnosed cancers and a major contributor to cancer-related death in China. Recent studies have demonstrated the failure of tumor mutational burden (TMB) in predictive accuracy. Here, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of tumor neoantigen burden (TNB) to predict the clinical outcome among patients undergoing gastric cancer resection. This study performs whole exome and transcriptome sequencing of tumor tissues of 85 gastric cancer patients who underwent resection surgery. The prognostic value of TMB and TNB in Chinese gastric cancer patients were evaluated, respectively. In contrast to TMB, TNB achieved significance in predicting overall survival at both early (a median follow-up period of 23.5 month) and late (a median follow-up period of 35.5 month) timepoints (p-value<0.05), particularly with expanding 2-year and 3-year restricted mean survival time (RMST). According to the comparative enrichment and protein-protein interaction analysis of TNB-and TMB-associated genes, we found the upregulated TNB-associated genes were significantly enriched in hormone and nutrient sensing cascades, whereas their counterparts were predominantly linked to cytoskeletal development. In addition, we also noticed an increased infiltration of neutrophils in TNB-High group (p-value=0.04). In summary, this study indicated that the prognosis of TNB-High patients was significantly better than their counterparts, which might be associated with impaired energy metabolism.
Keywords: gastric cancer, prognosis, Next-generation sequencing, tumor neoantigen burden, Tumor mutation burden
Received: 11 Oct 2025; Accepted: 03 Dec 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Lu, Cao, Liu, Pan, Shen, Wang, Chen, Liu, Zhang, Zhang, Zhang, Wang, Wan and Xi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Ji Wan
Hongqing Xi
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