ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Immunol.
Sec. Alloimmunity and Transplantation
Analysis of the predictive value of Th17/Treg cells and cytokines for the risk of infection after kidney transplantation
Provisionally accepted
- General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang, China
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Objective: This study aimed to analyze the factors associated with infection after kidney transplantation and to explore the predictive value of Th17/Treg cells and cytokine levels for infection. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 200 patients who underwent kidney transplantation between May 2021 and January 2024. Patients were divided into an infection-free group (70 cases) and an infection group (130 cases) based on infection status within one year post-surgery. General clinical data were collected, and changes in Th17 and Treg cell ratios were detected using flow cytometry. Cytokine levels, including IL-17, IL-22, IL-10, and TGF-β, were measured using an ELISA kit. Patients were divided into high- and low-expression groups based on the median serum Th17/Treg cell and cytokine levels, and the incidence of infection after kidney transplantation was compared between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for infection after kidney transplantation. Results: The infection group had a higher age and a higher proportion of preoperative hemodialysis compared to the non-infection group (P<0.05). The infection group had higher Th17 cell proportions, Th17/Treg ratios, and serum IL-17 and IL-22 levels compared to the non-infection group, while the Treg cell proportions and serum IL-10 and TGF-β levels were lower in the infection group compared to the non-infection group (P<0.001). High expression of Th17 cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-17, IL-22) was associated with an increased risk of infection, while high expression of Treg cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β) was associated with a reduced risk of infection. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that preoperative hemodialysis, elevated Th17/Treg ratio, elevated IL-17 and IL-22 levels, and reduced IL-10 and TGF-β levels were independent risk factors for infection after kidney transplantation (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Patients with post-transplant infections exhibit significant Th17/Treg cell imbalance. Elevated Th17/Treg ratios, increased IL-17 and IL-22 levels, and decreased IL-10 and TGF-β levels are independent risk factors for post-transplant infections. These indicators also have high predictive value for post-transplant infection risk and may serve as potential biomarkers for early clinical assessment of infection risk.
Keywords: Cytokines, Independent risk factors, post-kidney transplantation infection, Predictive Value, Th17/Treg cells
Received: 22 Oct 2025; Accepted: 05 Jan 2026.
Copyright: © 2026 Li, Guo, Wang and Yang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Boqian Wang
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