Gani Oruqaj1,2,3*†
Johannes Bewersdorff1,2†Detlef Litzlbauer4
Matthias Wolff3,5
Michael Sander3,5
Werner Seeger1,2,6,7
Friedrich Grimminger1,2,6,7
Matthias Hecker1,2,3,6
Khodr Tello1,2,3,6,7‡
István Vadász1,2,3,6,7‡- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- 2Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
- 3Interdisciplinary Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Center, Interdisciplinary Center for Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- 4Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- 5Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- 6Insitute for Lung Health, Giessen, Germany
- 7Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Giessen, Germany
Background: Tezepelumab, an anti-thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) monoclonal antibody, reduces exacerbations across asthma phenotypes, but its role in status asthmaticus and near-fatal exacerbations requiring veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) is unclear.
Methods and Results: We report three patients (17, 22, 57 years) with therapy-refractory hypercapnic respiratory failure initiated on VV-ECMO who received tezepelumab 210 mg within 24 h. Tidal volume and minute ventilation increased within 24–72 h, permitting decannulation by days 12–15 and ventilator weaning by days 17–28. Two patients had elevated IgE; one had normal blood eosinophils/IgE. No immediate drug-related adverse events occurred. Follow-up demonstrated lung-function recovery; one patient required escalation of maintenance therapy for persistent symptoms.
Conclusion: In this small series, adjunctive tezepelumab during VV-ECMO–supported status asthmaticus appeared safe and potentially beneficial adjunctive therapy during near-fatal asthma requiring VV-ECMO. Randomized controlled studies are needed to determine the impact of TSLP inhibition on recovery time, ventilation duration, and mortality in this setting.
Graphical Abstract. Graphical summary of three patients with life-threatening asthma requiring veno-venous ECMO who received a single dose of tezepelumab. Clinical timelines and key events are shown alongside imaging from Case 1 demonstrating resolution of barotrauma between Day 0 and Day 7. Tidal volume increased within the first 24–48 hours after tezepelumab across all cases, with corresponding improvements in minute ventilation during Days 0–6. These observations suggest a potential early physiological benefit of TSLP blockade during severe, refractory asthma exacerbations.
Introduction
Monoclonal antibodies have transformed severe asthma care. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an epithelial-derived cytokine released early in response to airway injury and allergen exposure, functioning as an upstream driver of both type 2 and non–type 2 inflammatory pathways (1). Tezepelumab, a human monoclonal antibody against TSLP, targets the inflammatory cascade at its point of initiation, providing broad efficacy across asthma phenotypes, reduces exacerbations and improves FEV1, symptom control, and quality of life independent of blood eosinophil levels (1–3).
Whether biologics can modify the course of ongoing life-threatening exacerbations is unclear. No monoclonal antibody has been prospectively tested for reversing airflow obstruction during status asthmaticus, shortening mechanical ventilation, or improving outcomes with extracorporeal support. In selected cases of refractory hypercapnic respiratory failure, veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) enables lung rest and extracorporeal CO2 removal and can be life-saving, with contemporary series reporting low mortality in severe asthma (4). Additional adjuncts—volatile anesthetics (sevoflurane), nebulized magnesium, ketamine—may help but are often limited early when tidal volumes are extremely low (5). Case reports describe biologic use (omalizumab, benralizumab) in mechanically ventilated status asthmaticus, and a recent report documented tezepelumab during ECMO with apparent improvement (6–8).
Despite these isolated reports, systematic data on biologic therapy in the acute ICU setting are lacking. We report three consecutive patients with refractory status asthmaticus requiring invasive ventilation and VV-ECMO who received adjunctive tezepelumab early after cannulation. We describe feasibility, short-term physiologic response (tidal volume and minute ventilation), weaning timelines, and follow-up, and discuss implications and research priorities for targeted biologic intervention during near-fatal asthma.
Cases
Case 1
A 22-year-old woman with allergic asthma, treated with tiotropium bromide/olodaterol hydrochloride and as-needed salbutamol, was admitted to an external hospital with a severe exacerbation. Despite intubation, ventilation remained inadequate (PaCO2 90 mmHg), prompting emergency veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) cannulation by our mobile team and transfer to our ICU. Initial imaging demonstrated extensive subcutaneous emphysema and parenchymal tears, consistent with the Macklin phenomenon (Figure 1A). On the day of ECMO initiation, the patient received a single subcutaneous dose of tezepelumab (210 mg), 6 hours after ECMO cannulation. On admission, the patient had a markedly elevated total IgE level of 1,705.6 IU/mL (normal range <100 IU/mL). Blood eosinophils were 150/µl, and a repeat measurement two months later remained low 150/µl, with a historical value of 700/µl recorded in 2016. A CT scan performed on day 0 showed right upper lobe and left lower lobe atelectasis, and a bronchoscopy was conducted on day 1 and day 4 due to viscous mucus plugs. A tracheostomy was placed on day 10 as part of prolonged ventilatory support. Adjunctive therapy included intravenous prednisolone 40 mg daily for 3 weeks, magnesium sulfate, and reproterol, together with inhaled budesonide and salbutamol. Sedation was maintained with esketamine and midazolam, later transitioned to sevoflurane. During ECMO, ultra-protective lung ventilation was applied. The patient remained on ECMO for 15 days and was fully weaned from invasive ventilation by Day 20, demonstrating gradual clinical improvement with a noticeable increase in tidal volume beginning approximately 72 hours after tezepelumab administration. At three-month follow-up, pulmonary function testing demonstrated good recovery, with normalization of vital capacity and only mild airflow limitation, FEV1/FVC ratio of 98%, and FeNO was 11 ppb. Table 1 summarizes the patient’s baseline characteristics, comorbidities, clinical course, lung function, and serum markers.
Figure 1. Radiographic evaluation, evolution and ventilation parameters in patients with status asthmaticus treated with vv-ECMO and tezepelumab. (A) CT thorax images of Case 1 (22 years) on Day 0 (top row) and Day 7 (bottom row) following ECMO initiation and tezepelumab administration. On Day 0, extensive subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, and pneumoperitoneum are evident, reflecting severe barotrauma. By Day 7, there is marked improvement with resolution of soft tissue emphysema, pneumomediastinum, and intra-abdominal free air. Radiographic findings in Case 2 (17 years) and Case 3 (57 years). Case 2 shows CT evidence of bilateral ground-glass opacities, pneumomediastinum, and consolidations on Day 0, with follow-up chest radiographs demonstrating improved lung inflation and resolution of mediastinal air by Day 14. Case 3 presents with diffuse bilateral infiltrates and subpleural consolidations at baseline, with serial radiographs showing progressive clearing and clinical improvement following ECMO support and tezepelumab therapy. (B) Ventilation parameters following tezepelumab administration. Daily tidal volume (TV, mL) trends in all three patients demonstrated consistent improvement over 14 days (solid lines), with tezepelumab administered on Day 0 (red dashed line). (C) Corresponding changes in TV and minute ventilation (MV, L/min) during the first 7 days are also shown, with solid lines representing TV and dashed lines representing MV. A progressive rise in both parameters was observed, particularly between Days 2 and 6, indicating improved ventilation and gas exchange during ECMO and biological therapy. TV, tidal volume; MV, minute ventilation; ECMO, extracorporealmembrane oxygenation.
Table 1. Summary of patient characteristics, ECMO and clinical course, comorbidities, biomarkers and follow-up.
Case 2
A 17-year-old male with asthma diagnosed in early childhood, previously hospitalized at ages 11 and 14 but managed only with as-needed salbutamol, presented to an outside hospital with severe dyspnea limiting speech. He was intubated for respiratory exhaustion; however, minute ventilation remained <1 L/min and PaCO2 was unmeasurable (>150 mmHg), prompting emergency veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) and transfer to our ICU (Figure 1, Table 1). Initial therapy included inhaled and intravenous bronchodilators, systemic prednisolone 50 mg daily for 3 weeks, and magnesium sulfate. Adjunctive therapies included sevoflurane beginning on day 2, inhaled budesonide, esketamine, and reproterol starting on day 0. A single subcutaneous dose of tezepelumab (210 mg) was administered on ICU day 1, 18 hours after ECMO initiation. On admission, the patient’s total IgE level was 26 IU/mL (normal <100 IU/mL), and blood eosinophils measured 230/µl on day 5. The patient was intubated externally and transferred after receiving 500 mg intravenous prednisolone from an emergency physician. A tracheostomy was performed on day 6 due to anticipated prolonged ventilation. Bronchoscopies performed on days 2, 4, and 5 revealed purulent secretions consistent with severe airway obstruction. An initial CT scan showed bilateral ground glass opacities, pneumomediastinum and consolidation on day 0, with a follow-up chest radiograph on day 14 demonstrating improved lung inflation and resolution of the pneumomediastinum. IgE and eosinophil levels were within the normal range, consistent with a low blood eosinophil and IgE phenotype. VV-ECMO support was maintained for 12 days, with tracheostomy performed on day 7. The patient was successfully weaned from mechanical ventilation on day 17 and demonstrated favorable recovery thereafter. Baseline spirometry showed an FEV1/FVC of 97% at follow-up measurement on day 26. Baseline data, clinical events, and follow-up are summarized in Table 1.
Case 3
A 57-year-old woman with asthma–COPD overlap syndrome and an extensive smoking history (50 pack-years) presented to an external hospital with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. Her maintenance therapy included montelukast and inhaled fluticasone furoate/umeclidinium/vilanterol. Despite invasive ventilation, severe hypercapnia persisted (PaCO2 107 mmHg), and she was transferred to our ICU the following day. Tidal volumes remained critically low (~50 mL) despite appropriate ventilator settings (peak inspiratory pressure 26 cmH2O, PEEP 12 cmH2O), prompting initiation of VV-ECMO. On ICU day 0, she received tezepelumab (210 mg subcutaneously) as adjunctive therapy, 20 hours after ECMO initiation (Table 1, Figure 1). At presentation, the patient had a markedly elevated total IgE level of 423.1 IU/mL (normal range<100 IU/mL), while blood eosinophils were 0/µl on day 0. A tracheostomy was performed on day 6. A CT scan on day 2 demonstrated multiple, partially confluent fine nodular peribronchiovascular opacities consistent with a tree-in-bud pattern, along with bronchial wall thickening and large consolidations in both posterior lower lobes, more pronounced on the left. Initial bronchoscopy showed erythematous, swollen, and contact-vulnerable mucosa in the main and segmental bronchi bilaterally, with thick, blood-tinged and tenacious secretions requiring prolonged suctioning. Follow-up chest radiograph on day 14 showed near-complete resolution of lung inflammation. Sedation was maintained with esketamine and midazolam. Additional therapy included systemic corticosteroids 50 mg daily for 3 weeks, inhaled budesonide, ipratropium bromide/fenoterol, and intravenous magnesium. VV-ECMO was explanted after 12 days. Spontaneous breathing was established on day 19, and complete weaning was achieved on day 28. Spirometry performed four months after discharge showed an FEV1/FVC ratio of 61%, and FeNO was not measurable during the acute phase. Clinical characteristics and outcomes are summarized in Table 1.
Discussion
Status asthmaticus requiring invasive mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal life support is a life-threatening condition with substantial morbidity and cost, particularly when bronchoconstriction proves refractory to conventional therapy. Although biologics such as tezepelumab have reshaped maintenance management of severe asthma, their role in the ICU during ongoing, near-fatal exacerbations remains largely unexplored. This case series provides preliminary clinical insight into adjunctive tezepelumab in three patients with status asthmaticus supported with VV-ECMO.
TSLP, a key upstream cytokine that amplifies both type 2 (T2) and non-T2 inflammation. In randomized trials, tezepelumab reduced exacerbations and improved lung function across phenotypes, including in patients without elevated blood eosinophils or IgE (3). In our series, tezepelumab (210 mg s.c.) was administered within 24 hours of ECMO cannulation. All patients showed early stabilization with rising tidal volumes and minute ventilation over 24–72 hours, enabling ECMO decannulation by days 12–15 and ventilator weaning by days 17–28. Notably, the youngest patient exhibited a favorable response despite no elevated blood eosinophils and IgE, supporting potential utility beyond classic T2-high exacerbations. These observations align with a recent report of tezepelumab during ECMO that described rapid improvement in airway mechanics (8). Several mechanisms could underlie the observed trajectory. By attenuating upstream epithelial-immune signaling, TSLP blockade may reduce mucosal edema, mucus hypersecretion, and steroid-refractory inflammation, thereby lowering airway resistance (3). Recent case series describe rapid clinical improvement after benralizumab administration in patients with near-fatal eosinophilic asthma who remained refractory to maximal supportive therapy yet did not require ECMO support, underscoring the central role of eosinophils in those phenotypes (9). In contrast, the patients in our report lacked substantial eosinophilia, suggesting that tezepelumab as an upstream alarmin blocker may provide therapeutic benefit in a broader range of inflammatory profiles during severe exacerbations. Early physiologic gains in ventilation mechanics can facilitate safer ventilator settings and, in some cases, enable the use of adjuncts for sedation therapy such as volatile anesthetics once tidal volumes become adequate.
VV-ECMO remains a critical salvage option for refractory hypercapnic respiratory failure in status asthmaticus, offering lung rest and extracorporeal CO2 removal with contemporary mortality rates around 6–10% and generally favorable functional outcomes (4). Our patients, consistent with these reports, all survived, further supporting the role of ECMO as an effective bridge to recovery in this setting, as well as highlighting the role of mobile ECMO teams in providing fast therapy on-site and ensuring transfer to specialized referral clinics.
Low-flow and ultra-low-flow extracorporeal CO2 removal (ECCO2R) methodologies are emerging as minimally invasive strategies for selected patients, offering earlier intervention for hypercapnia with potentially fewer complications (10). A case series by Fox et al. showed an 88% survival rate in patients with refractory hypercapnia treated with ECCO2R (11). Such approaches may be integrated as alternatives to ECMO in select cases (12). This study has limitations: small sample size, lack of controls, and concurrent therapies (systemic corticosteroids, bronchodilators, magnesium, sedation) confound attribution. Furthermore, in case 1 and 2, the absence of guideline-recommended inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy despite a history of allergic or early-onset asthma likely contributed to disease instability; this undertreatment represents a critical deviation from current GINA recommendations and underscores the importance of adequate controller therapy to prevent progression to near-fatal asthma.
Despite these constraints, the convergence of early physiologic improvement, feasibility of administration, and absence of immediate drug-related adverse events supports additional investigation. Future studies should evaluate optimal timing and dosing of tezepelumab in the ICU, characterize pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics under ECMO, and assess biomarker-defined subgroups (T2-high vs non-T2). Clinically meaningful endpoints include ventilator-free days, ECMO duration, ICU length of stay, and mortality, alongside safety outcomes. Randomized or pragmatic adaptive designs with mechanistic sampling (e.g., airway and plasma cytokines) would help determine whether TSLP inhibition can accelerate recovery in near-fatal asthma.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics statement
The studies involving humans were approved by Dr. Hans-Joachim Krämer Medizinisches Lehrzentrum 3. OG Klinikstraße 29 35392 Gießen. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent for participation in this study was provided by the participants’ legal guardians/next of kin. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article. Written informed consent was obtained from the participant/patient(s) for the publication of this case report.
Author contributions
GO: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Investigation, Resources, Formal Analysis, Conceptualization, Validation, Methodology. JB: Methodology, Writing – review & editing, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft. DL: Methodology, Formal analysis, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing. MW: Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing, Investigation, Formal analysis, Methodology. MS: Methodology, Investigation, Writing – review & editing. WS: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing, Investigation. FG: Validation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing, Formal Analysis. MH: Formal analysis, Methodology, Investigation, Writing – review & editing. KT: Visualization, Writing – original draft, Formal analysis, Methodology, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing, Project administration. IV: Visualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Validation, Writing – review & editing, Methodology, Investigation, Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Supervision.
Funding
The author(s) declared that financial support was not received for this work and/or its publication.
Conflict of interest
The author(s) declared that this work was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Generative AI statement
The author(s) declared that generative AI was not used in the creation of this manuscript.
Any alternative text (alt text) provided alongside figures in this article has been generated by Frontiers with the support of artificial intelligence and reasonable efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, including review by the authors wherever possible. If you identify any issues, please contact us.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
1. Salvati L, Maggi L, Annunziato F, and Cosmi L. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin and alarmins as possible therapeutical targets for asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. (2021) 21:590–6. doi: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000000793
2. Nopsopon T, Lassiter G, Chen ML, Alexander GC, Keet C, Hong H, et al. Comparative efficacy of tezepelumab to mepolizumab, benralizumab, and dupilumab in eosinophilic asthma: A Bayesian network meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. (2023) 151:747–55. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.11.021
3. Menzies-Gow A, Corren J, Bourdin A, Chupp G, Israel E, Wechsler ME, et al. Tezepelumab in adults and adolescents with severe, uncontrolled asthma. N Engl J Med. (2021) 384:1800–9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2034975
4. Lozano-Espinosa M, Antolin-Amerigo D, Riera J, Gordo Vidal F, Quirce S, and Alvarez Rodriguez J. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and beyond in near fatal asthma: A comprehensive review. Respir Med. (2023) 215:107246. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2023.107246
5. Ho GWK, Thaarun T, Ee NJ, Boon TC, Ning KZ, Cove ME, et al. A systematic review on the use of sevoflurane in the management of status asthmaticus in adults. Crit Care. (2024) 28:334. doi: 10.1186/s13054-024-05122-8
6. Chetana Shanmukhappa S, Kumar A, Dey A, J VSJ, Lokeshwaran S, Kumar KS, et al. Omalizumab rescue therapy in refractory status asthmaticus. J Asthma. (2023) 60:2243–7. doi: 10.1080/02770903.2023.2233606
7. Montagnolo F, Grasso S, Dalfino L, Portacci A, Viterbo FR, Quaranta VN, et al. Successful Benralizumab treatment in acute near-fatal asthma with ECMO support: a case report. J Asthma. (2024) 61:1790–3. doi: 10.1080/02770903.2024.2375287
8. Grasmuk-Siegl E, Xhelili E, Doberer D, Urban MH, and Valipour A. Tezepelumab in a case of severe asthma exacerbation and influenza-pneumonia on VV-ECMO. Respir Med Case Rep. (2024) 50:102057. doi: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2024.102057
9. Conemans L, Demir E, Bischoff M, Franssen F, and Simons S. Out of breath, out of options: benralizumab as a last hope in ICU-treated near-fatal eosinophilic asthma: A case series. Respirol Case Rep. (2025) 13:e70117. doi: 10.1002/rcr2.70117
10. Husain-Syed F, Birk HW, Wilhelm J, Ronco C, Ranieri VM, Karle B, et al. Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal using a renal replacement therapy platform to enhance lung-protective ventilation in hypercapnic patients with coronavirus disease 2019-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. Front Med (Lausanne). (2020) 7:598379. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.598379
11. Fox S, Mehkri O, Latifi M, Krishnan S, Dill T, and Duggal A. Using a low-flow extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO 2 R) system in the management of refractory status asthmaticus: A case series. ASAIO J. (2024) 70:e70–4. doi: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000002064
Keywords: status asthmaticus, Tezepelumab, TSLP, ICU, ECMO
Citation: Oruqaj G, Bewersdorff J, Litzlbauer D, Wolff M, Sander M, Seeger W, Grimminger F, Hecker M, Tello K and Vadász I (2026) Case Report: Tezepelumab as rescue therapy in near-fatal asthma requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Front. Immunol. 17:1722963. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1722963
Received: 11 October 2025; Accepted: 23 January 2026; Revised: 19 December 2025;
Published: 13 February 2026.
Edited by:
Lakshmi Raman, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, United StatesReviewed by:
Lorenzo Cosmi, University of Florence, ItalyLennart Conemans, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Netherlands
Copyright © 2026 Oruqaj, Bewersdorff, Litzlbauer, Wolff, Sander, Seeger, Grimminger, Hecker, Tello and Vadász. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Gani Oruqaj, R2FuaS5PcnVxYWpAaW5uZXJlLm1lZC51bmktZ2llc3Nlbi5kZQ==
†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship
‡These authors have contributed equally to this work and share senior authorship