REVIEW article
Front. Immunol.
Sec. Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy
Artificial Intelligence–Enabled Multi-Omics Biomarkers for Immune Checkpoint Blockade: Mechanisms, Predictive Modeling, and Clinical Translation
Provisionally accepted
- Department of Oncology, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, China
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Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed oncology, yet durable benefit remains confined to a minority of patients, revealing the limitations of single biomarkers such as PD-L1 expression, tumor mutational burden, and microsatellite instability. Multi-omics profiling, spanning genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, and imaging-derived radiomics/pathomics, enables a systems-level interrogation of tumor–immune interactions. It captures lineage plasticity, antigen-presentation defects, metabolic and epigenetic suppression, stromal remodeling, and microbiome-driven immune tone that collectively shape ICI sensitivity and resistance. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are increasingly indispensable for fusing these heterogeneous, high-dimensional data into deployable composite predictors and mechanistically grounded signatures, while explainability approaches (e.g., SHAP, Grad-CAM) help link model outputs to actionable biology. This review synthesizes emerging AI-enabled multi-omics biomarkers across major tumor types, highlights clinical applications in response stratification, combination-therapy selection, and longitudinal monitoring, and discusses key translational barriers, including cohort and platform heterogeneity, limited prospective validation, privacy constraints, model drift, and equity. We conclude by outlining future directions in single-cell and spatial multi-omics integration, federated learning, and generative modeling to accelerate robust, generalizable precision immunotherapy. Pragmatic implementation will require harmonized pre-analytics, clinically feasible assays or distilled panels, and decision-support interfaces that communicate calibrated uncertainty to oncologists.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, biomarkers, Cancer, Immunotherapy, multi-omics
Received: 25 Oct 2025; Accepted: 05 Feb 2026.
Copyright: © 2026 Wang, He, Ding, Tang and Wang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Qianqian Wang
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