IgM-mediated protection drives early B-cell activation and mucosal containment of Vibrio anguillarum in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

Naomi Croft Guslund¹Alexandra Jonsson¹Anders Kristian Krabberød¹Adrian Lopez Porras¹Simen Nørstebø²Rune Henning Sørum²Kjetill S JakobseJ¹Finn-Eirik Johansen^1*Shuo-Wang Qiao^1,3*

• ¹University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
• ²Norges miljo- og biovitenskapelige universitet, As, Norway
• ³Universitetet i Oslo Institutt for klinisk medisin, Oslo, Norway

Atlantic cod lack functional MHC class II and CD4, raising fundamental questions about how vaccination generates protection in this species. We combined single-cell transcriptomic profiling of splenic cells with qRT-PCR across complementary active vaccination and passive serum-transfer experiments to define cellular and transcriptional correlates of immunity to Vibrio anguillarum. Bath-vaccinated fish and recipients of immune serum showed effective containment of infection, with bacterial signals largely restricted to gills and minimal detection in spleen or head kidney, whereas naïve fish frequently developed high systemic bacterial loads by day 3 post-infection. All groups exhibited increased splenic macrophage abundance following challenge, but only naïve fish showed strong and sustained inflammatory activation, consistent with their higher pathogen burden. Vaccinated fish and immune-serum recipients displayed only transient or weak myeloid responses despite similar early neutrophil activation. Across both experimental models, a transcriptionally distinct B-cell subset expanded at the peak of infection. This population showed increased immunoglobulin and MHCI expression together with innate sensing features, consistent with an activated B-cell state. Although this B cell subset increased in all groups, the largest expansions were observed in vaccinated fish and immune-serum recipients. Overall, these findings are consistent with antigen-specific IgM enhancing early B-cell activation and contributing to protection against V. anguillarum through coordinated humoral and innate-like B-cell responses. These findings identify an antibody-driven mode of immune coordination that operates independently of classical CD4⁺ T-cell help and provide insight into how effective vaccination can be achieved in vertebrates with divergent adaptive immune architectures.