Mechanisms of Intravascular Immune Evasion in the Lung: Niche-Adaptive Mechanisms in Metastatic Breast Cancer

Ling Yin^*

• Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center Data Space Research Institute, Hefei, China

Notably, the immune evasion observed by Kizner et al. is reversible and niche-specific. E0771 cells at the primary site maintain antigen presentation and are killed by OT-I CTLs, whereas the same cells in the lungs become invisible to the same T cells. This plasticity underscores the concept that the lung vascular microenvironment actively instructs tumor cell state-a concept powerfully supported by Jakab et al., who showed that endothelial-derived signals can dictate metastatic behavior based on the tumor cell's epigenetic predisposition [7]. The findings by Kizner et al. thus add a crucial immunological dimension to this emerging paradigm of endothelial instruction. They reveal that residence within the lung vasculature, potentially guided by specific endothelial cues, not only influences proliferative versus latent fates but also confers an immune-evasive state, likely through modulation of cytokine signals like IFN-γ [6] and consequent APM dysregulation analogous to mechanisms in other cancers [5].The translational implications are immediate and multifaceted. First, the findings explain why T cell therapies targeting primary tumor neoantigens may fail against lung metastases, as antigen presentation can be dynamically silenced in the intravascular niche. This underscores the necessity of assessing antigen presentation in metastatic sites. Second, it suggests that therapeutic strategies could aim to restore IFN-γ signaling or directly target the downregulated APM components within the metastatic niche. Third, the active role of the endothelium [4,7] presents it as a therapeutic target; modulating endothelial-derived signals or exploiting the intravascular location of these cells [4] for drug delivery could be synergistic. Fourth, Jakab et al.'s discovery of epigenetic pre-determination (methylation status) governing responsiveness to niche signals [7] hints at the potential for patient stratification; tumors with epigenetic profiles predisposing them to intravascular proliferation and immune evasion might be identified for more aggressive or tailored combination therapies.In summary, Kizner et al. provide a clear, mechanism-driven narrative that advances our understanding of metastatic site-specific immune evasion. By integrating advanced imaging such as LSFM [3], building upon the foundational intravascular metastasis model [4], connecting their findings to broader mechanisms of APM dysregulation [5] and its regulation by IFN-γ [6], and situating it within the contemporary framework of endothelial instruction of metastasis [7], the study offers a coherent, multi-layered, and therapeutically insightful framework. It posits that the immune evasion of lung metastases is not a passive outcome but an active adaptation, shaped by the interplay between tumor cell intrinsic pathways and instructive signals from the specialized lung vascular niche. The author declares no competing interests.