SYSTEMATIC REVIEW article
Front. Microbiol.
Sec. Microbiotechnology
This article is part of the Research TopicMicrobial Remediation of Heavy Metal PollutionView all 12 articles
PRISMA-Based Review of Pseudomonas spp. in Microbial Heavy-Metal Bioremediation: Mechanisms and Taxonomy
Provisionally accepted
- University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Bioremediation may be sustainable strategy for mitigating heavy-metal contamination in soils and related environmental matrices. This paper, based on PRISMA 2020 guidelines analyzes 41 experimental studies published between 2022 and 2025, selected from Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed, with the aim of comparing bacterial taxa, detoxification mechanisms, and remediation performance. Bacillus and Pseudomonas were the most frequently investigated genera, with Bacillus spp. achieving the highest removal efficiencies (>80–90%) through biosorption and biomineralization mechanisms. On the other hand, Pseudomonas spp. Showed a high functional and genetic versatility, combining efflux systems, enzymatic redox transformations, EPS production, and biofilm-mediated resilience, particularly in multi-metal and fluctuating environmental conditions. Median removal efficiencies was at least 70% in controlled laboratory assays, while it was 10–25% in soil. Despite methodological heterogeneity, the evidence identifies Pseudomonas as a mechanistic benchmark genus rather than a universally superior biosorbent, owing to its extensive genomic characterization and broad detoxification repertoire. The review highlights the need for standardized experimental protocols, integration of multi-omics approaches, and field-scale validation to improve data comparability and to facilitate the translation of microbial bioremediation from laboratory studies to sustainable environmental applications.
Keywords: Bacterial bioremediation, Efflux and redox mechanisms, heavy metal detoxification, Pseudomonas spp., Systematic review
Received: 03 Dec 2025; Accepted: 04 Feb 2026.
Copyright: © 2026 De Santis, Bevilacqua, Corbo, Racioppo and Sinigaglia. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Antonio Bevilacqua
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