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CORRECTION article

Front. Microbiol., 09 February 2026

Sec. Infectious Agents and Disease

Volume 17 - 2026 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1794732

Correction: Granulomatous cellular signatures in nontuberculous and tuberculous mycobacterial infections

This article is a correction to:

  1. Granulomatous cellular signatures in nontuberculous and tuberculous mycobacterial infections

    1. Read original article
Brianna M. Doratt&#x;Brianna M. Doratt1†Ethan G. Napier&#x;Ethan G. Napier1†Mahdi Eskandarian BoroujeniMahdi Eskandarian Boroujeni1Sarah DouglasSarah Douglas2Michael H. DaviesMichael H. Davies3Luiz BermudezLuiz Bermudez4Eliot R. SpindelEliot R. Spindel3Erin F. McCaffreyErin F. McCaffrey2Ilhem Messaoudi Ilhem Messaoudi1*
  • 1Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
  • 2Spatial Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
  • 3Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
  • 4Department of Microbiology, College of Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States

A Correction on
Granulomatous cellular signatures in nontuberculous and tuberculous mycobacterial infections

by Doratt, B. M., Napier, E. G., Boroujeni, M. E., Douglas, S., Davies, M. H., Bermudez, L., Spindel, E. R., McCaffrey, E. F., and Messaoudi, I. (2026). Front. Microbiol. 16:1741883. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1741883

Figures 2–6 are cropped at the bottom precluding the reader from seeing the full content. The full figures appear below.

Figure 2
Figure showing dot plots and violin plots of gene ontology enrichment and gene expression for Macrophage-1, Macrophage-2, and Lymphoid cell clusters comparing MAH and Mtb conditions. Dot plots (A, C, E) present enriched gene ontology terms with color and size indicating significance and gene count. Violin plots (B, D, F) depict expression of key genes, differentiating those upregulated in MAH or Mtb in each cell type subset.

Figure 2. Immune and structural cells are more inflammatory in the right lung. Bubble plots representing Gene Ontology (GO) terms and violin plots depicting differentially expressed genes (DEG) between the right and left lungs from young animals in (A, B) leukocytes-1, (C, D) macrophages-1, (E, F) ciliated epithelial, (G, H) fibroblasts, or (I, J) smooth muscle cells. For bubble plots, the size of the bubble indicates the number of genes that enriched to that GO term and color indicates the significance compared to aged samples.

Figure 3
Multipanel figure containing three panels: panel A shows two heatmaps comparing count and differential interaction strength of cellular communication in Mtb versus MAH conditions across cell types with color-coded axes and bar plots; panel B presents a horizontal bar graph of relative information flow for signaling pathways, distinguishing MAH (pink) and Mtb (gray); panel C displays a heatmap summarizing overall differential signaling patterns by pathway and cell type, with a color key indicating upregulation or downregulation.

Figure 3. Granuloma-associated macrophages are engaging in host defense while non-granuloma macrophages enrich to repair and growth processes. (A) Bar plot of the inferred number (on left) and strength (on right) of ligand-receptor pair interactions in the left and right lung tissue of young animals. (B) Scatter plot of incoming and outgoing interaction strength for the indicated cluster. Size of the bubble indicates the number of interactions for the indicated cluster. (C) Heatmap demonstrating the differential number of interactions (on top) and the differential interaction strength (on bottom) of the indicated cell clusters relative to the right versus left lungs. Red and blue colors indicate increased or decreased interactions, respectively, in the right tissue relative to left tissue in the young animals. Bar plot on top indicates the sum of interactions sent by the indicated cluster. Bar plot on side indicates the sum of interactions received by the indicated cluster. (D) Bar plot of the top signaling pathways ranked by relative information flow (aggregate probability of communication) in the left and right lung tissue. Bars predominantly red denote pathways dominant in left lung whereas bars predominantly blue highlight pathways dominant in right lung.

Figure 4
Panel A presents two bar charts comparing number of inferred interactions and interaction strength between left and right lung, with right lung showing higher values in both. Panel B features two scatter plots mapping cell types by incoming and outgoing interaction strength, sized by count, separately for left and right lung. Panel C displays two heatmaps showing differential number and strength of interactions among various cell types, with accompanying bar graphs. Panel D shows a horizontal bar chart ranking relative information flow of genes comparing left and right lung, with color indicating the predominant side.

Figure 4. Macrophages of MAH and Mtb infected lungs originate in the granulomatous center. (A) UMAP of 4,554 spots from granulomatous regions of MAH vs. Mtb infected animals. (B) Bubble plot of key marker genes used to identify cell populations in panel A. The size of the bubble denotes the percent of cells expressing the marker and color denotes the average expression level of the marker. (C) Stacked bar plot of the percent of each cell cluster from the total cells in MAH and Mtb infected animals. (D) Representative image of H&E-stained MAH and Mtb infected lung tissue sections overlayed with cluster identity spots. (E) Trajectory analysis of macrophage subsets 1–3 showing the unique clusters (top) and the pseudo time analysis (bottom). Purple represents the origin, and grey represents the terminal point. (F) Progression plot showing cell density across pseudotime. (G) Differential gene expression heatmap between MAH and Mtb tissue across pseudotime.

Figure 5
Multipanel figure displaying gene expression analysis in lung cell types, including leukocytes, macrophages, ciliated epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells. Panels A, C, E, G, and I show dot plots indicating enriched biological pathways for each cell type, with color intensity reflecting statistical significance and dot size representing gene counts. Panels B, D, F, H, and J present violin plots of gene expression levels, comparing left and right lung tissues for each cell type, highlighting differentially expressed genes. Plots are labeled with genes names.

Figure 5. Immune cells in Mtb-infected lungs are hyperinflammatory compared to MAH-infected lungs. Bubble plots representing Gene Ontology (GO) terms and violin plots depicting differentially expressed genes (DEG) between the MAH and Mtb infected lungs from animals in the (A, B) macrophage-1, (C, D) macrophage-2, or (E, F) lymphoid clusters. For bubble plots, the size of the bubble indicates the number of genes that enriched to that GO term and color indicates the significance compared to aged samples.

Figure 6
Panel A shows two UMAP plots of granuloma cell types labeled by color for MAH and Mtb samples. Panel B presents a dot plot of average gene expression across cell type clusters. Panel C shows a stacked bar graph comparing cell type proportions in MAH versus Mtb granulomas. Panel D includes spatial mappings of labeled cell types within MAH and Mtb granulomas. Panel E displays a UMAP plot and a pseudotime trajectory of macrophage clusters. Panel F presents density plots comparing pseudotime distributions for MAH and Mtb with a significant p-value. Panel G shows a heatmap of gene expression across MAH and Mtb samples for selected genes.

Figure 6. The macrophage-3 subset is not signaling in Mtb granulomas. (A) Heatmap demonstrating the differential number of interactions (on left) and the differential interaction strength (on right) of the indicated cell clusters between MAH and Mtb infected lungs. Red and blue colors indicate increased or decreased interactions, respectively, in the MAH granuloma relative to the Mtb granuloma. Bar plot on top indicates the sum of interactions sent by the indicated cluster. Bar plot on side indicates the sum of interactions received by the indicated cluster. (B) Bar plot of signaling pathways ranked by relative information flow (aggregate probability of communication) in the MAH and Mtb granulomas. Bars predominantly pink denote pathways dominant in MAH granuloma whereas bars predominantly grey highlight pathways dominant in Mtb granuloma. (C) Differential heatmap of the indicated signaling pathways relative to the Mtb granuloma. Blue squares indicate lower signaling in the Mtb granuloma compared to the MAH granuloma. Red squares indicate more signaling in the Mtb granuloma.

The original version of this article has been updated.

Publisher's note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Keywords: aging lung, granuloma, macaque, mycobacterium, visium spatial transcriptomics

Citation: Doratt BM, Napier EG, Boroujeni ME, Douglas S, Davies MH, Bermudez L, Spindel ER, McCaffrey EF and Messaoudi I (2026) Correction: Granulomatous cellular signatures in nontuberculous and tuberculous mycobacterial infections. Front. Microbiol. 17:1794732. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1794732

Received: 23 January 2026; Revised: 23 January 2026;
Accepted: 26 January 2026; Published: 09 February 2026.

Edited and reviewed by: Octavio Rivero-Lezcano, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León (CHLeon), Spain

Copyright © 2026 Doratt, Napier, Boroujeni, Douglas, Davies, Bermudez, Spindel, McCaffrey and Messaoudi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Ilhem Messaoudi, aWxoZW0ubWVzc2FvdWRpQHVreS5lZHU=

†These authors have contributed equally to this work

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.