Abstract
Major depression is the most common form of mental illness, and is treated with antidepressant compounds that increase serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission. Increased 5-HT1A autoreceptor levels in the raphe nuclei act as a “brake” to inhibit the 5-HT system, leading to depression and resistance to antidepressants. Several 5-HT1A receptor agonists (buspirone, flesinoxan, ipsapirone) that preferentially desensitize 5-HT1A autoreceptors have been tested for augmentation of antidepressant drugs with mixed results. One explanation could be the presence of the C(−1019)G 5-HT1A promoter polymorphism that prevents gene repression of the 5-HT1A autoreceptor. Furthermore, down-regulation of 5-HT1A autoreceptor expression, not simply desensitization of receptor signaling, appears to be required to enhance and accelerate antidepressant action. The current review focuses on the transcriptional regulators of 5-HT1A autoreceptor expression, their roles in permitting response to 5-HT1A-targeted treatments and their potential as targets for new antidepressant compounds for treatment-resistant depression.
Introduction
Depression and serotonin
Major depression is the most prevalent form of mental illness, twice as frequent in women as in men (Doris et al., ; Fava and Kendler, ), and is predicted to increase from fourth to second (first in high income countries) highest global burden of disease by 2030 (Ustun et al., ; Mathers and Loncar, ). There is a need for improved antidepressant treatments since only 30% of patients remit with current strategies (Trivedi et al., ,, ), while 15% attempt suicide (Mann et al., ; Mann, ). Although other neurotransmitters (e.g., noradrenaline, dopamine, glutamate, neurotrophins) are indirectly involved in depression (Blier, ; Duman, ; Nestler and Carlezon Jr., ; Skolnick et al., ), multiple lines of evidence implicate reduced 5-HT neurotransmission as a primary defect in depression (Millan, ; Wong et al., ; Tremblay and Blier, ; Jans et al., ; aan het Rot et al., ). Virtually all antidepressant treatments, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), increase 5-HT neurotransmission, either directly or indirectly (Blier, ; Berton and Nestler, ; Savitz et al., ).
5-HT1A receptors and the 5-HT system
The brain serotonin (5-HT) system originates from neurons of the raphe nuclei that express tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), the rate-limiting enzyme for 5-HT synthesis (Walther et al., ). These neurons project widely throughout the brain (Hornung, ) to regulate many physiological functions, including sleep, mood and stress reactivity and are implicated in mental illnesses, including MDD and anxiety (Barnes and Sharp, ; Young and Leyton, ; Gordon and Hen, ; Lanfumey et al., ; Savitz et al., ). Among the 17 human 5-HT receptor genes, we have focused on the 5-HT1A receptor since it is abundant in corticolimbic regions that are implicated in mood and emotion (Albert et al., ; Albert and Lemonde, ). The 5-HT1A receptor also functions presynaptically as the major somatodendritic autoreceptor on 5-HT neurons (Sotelo et al., ; Riad et al., ) where it acts as a “brake” to inhibit the activity of the entire 5-HT system (Hjorth et al., ; Richer et al., ; Bortolozzi et al., ) (Figure 1). Hence, the mechanisms that regulate 5-HT1A autoreceptor levels set the tone of the 5-HT system.
Figure 1
5-HT1A Receptors in Depression
5-HT1A receptors in animal models of depression
Despite their limited validity to model human depression, animal behavioral studies have provided valuable insights into the biological function of 5-HT1A receptors in depression and anxiety. Importantly, 5-HT1A-null mice display increased anxiety behavior (Heisler et al., ; Parks et al., ; Ramboz et al., ) and are unresponsive to SSRI treatment (Santarelli et al., ), while early developmental overexpression of the 5-HT1A receptor decreases anxiety (Kusserow et al., ). 5-HT1A receptor expression in early postnatal forebrain of 5-HT1A−/− mice rescues the anxiety phenotype, suggesting that post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors are critical in the development of the anxiety phenotype (Gross et al., ). Conversely, mice with a 30% increase in 5-HT1A autoreceptors display reduced 5-HT neuron firing, reduced 5-HT release, increased depression behavior, but no change in anxiety behavior (Richardson-Jones et al., ). Hence, while reduction in post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors is implicated in anxiety, increased levels of presynaptic 5-HT1A autoreceptors inhibit 5-HT neurotransmission and leads to depression (Figure 1).
5-HT1A receptors in clinical depression
In human depression, there remain conflicting findings concerning changes in 5-HT1A binding potential (Savitz et al., ). Most studies find reductions in post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors in subsets of prefrontal and temporal cortical regions in depression (Sargent et al., ; Bhagwagar et al., ; Shively et al., ; Moses-Kolko et al., ) and anxiety (Tauscher et al., ; Neumeister et al., ; Sullivan et al., ; Lanzenberger et al., ; Nash et al., ; Akimova et al., ). In contrast, 5-HT1A autoreceptors are increased in depressed patients (Parsey et al., ,) and in post-mortem raphe tissue from depressed suicide victims (Stockmeier et al., ; Boldrini et al., ). However, decreases in raphe 5-HT1A binding have also been reported, but may reflect a reduction in 5-HT neurons (Drevets et al., ). These region-specific alterations in 5-HT1A receptor levels in depression are consistent with a global reduction in 5-HT neurotransmission, since increased 5-HT1A autoreceptors reduce 5-HT neuronal activity, while reduced post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors reduce behavioral response to 5-HT (Albert and Lemonde, ).
5-HT1A receptors in antidepressant response
Although SSRIs rapidly enter the brain and block 5-HT reuptake, chronic 3-week treatment is required for clinical response, due to recurrent inhibition of raphe activity by 5-HT1A autoreceptors (Figure 1). During this period, 5-HT1A autoreceptors desensitize (Le Poul et al., ; Mochizuki et al., ; Shen et al., ; Elena Castro et al., ), leading to reduced 5-HT1A RNA and autoreceptor levels, particularly in animal models of depression and depressed subjects (Welner et al., ; Fanelli and McMonagle-Strucko, ; Sibug et al., ; Le Poul et al., ; Meltzer et al., ; Rabiner et al., ; Berney et al., ), resulting in restoration of raphe firing activity and 5-HT release. Chronic antidepressant treatment reverses changes in 5-HT1A receptor RNA expression in chronic stress models (Burnet et al., ; Greenwood et al., , ; Morley-Fletcher et al., ), as well as in depression (Lopez et al., ; Lopez-Figueroa et al., ). However, several studies in “normal” animals have found that chronic antidepressant treatments desensitize 5-HT1A receptors without a concomitant reduction in receptor levels (Le Poul et al., ; Elena Castro et al., ; Rossi et al., ). Because acute desensitization (uncoupling and internalization) occurs rapidly (second–minute) and is reversible (Riad et al., , ), we postulated that acute desensitization is not sufficient for antidepressant response, but that a reduction in the synthesis of new 5-HT1A receptors may be required, and could account for the longer time course of the treatment (Albert et al., ; Albert and Lemonde, ). Interestingly, a 30% reduction in 5-HT1A autoreceptors is sufficient to permit a rapid and robust response to chronic SSRI treatment in mice that do not otherwise respond (Richardson-Jones et al., ), suggesting that transcriptional down-regulation of the 5-HT1A mRNA could be a key mechanism in determining antidepressant response.
Transcriptional Regulation of the 5-HT1A Receptor Gene in Mental Illness
Transcriptional regulation of the 5-HT1A receptor gene
Based on the hypothesis that impaired repression of the 5-HT1A receptor gene may predispose individuals to depression, we have identified key transcription regulators of the 5-HT1A receptor (Albert et al., ; Albert and Lemonde, ). The 5-HT1A receptor gene is intronless with a non-selective CG-rich housekeeping promoter containing multiple strong Sp1/MAZ enhancers that drive expression in all cells (Albert et al., ; Parks and Shenk, ; Storring et al., ) and an upstream repressor region that silences its expression in non-neuronal cells, but also represses transcription in neuronal cells that express 5-HT1A receptors (Ou et al., ; Lemonde et al., ). The promoter also contains an NFkB-response element, that may mediate 5-HT1A induction in immune cells, although its function in neurons remains unaddressed. Repressors include Freud-1/CC2D1A and Freud-2/CC2D1B (Five-prime Repressor Element Under Dual repression binding protein), calcium-sensitive repressors of pre- (Freud-1) and post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptor expression in neurons (Ou et al., ; Lemonde et al., ; Hadjighassem et al., ). We have also identified Deaf1 and Hes1/Hes5 as regulators at the C(−1019)G 5-HT1A polymorphism that repress 5-HT1A autoreceptor transcription at the C-allele but not the G-allele (Lemonde et al., ). Consistent with this, the G/G genotype is associated increased 5-HT1A autoreceptor binding potential in depressed subjects (Parsey et al., ). Deaf1 is colocalized with 5-HT1A receptors in raphe and post-synaptic neurons, and expressed from development to adulthood; while Hes proteins are restricted to neural precursors and immature neurons. In Hes1−/− mice, 5-HT1A receptor RNA expression is greatly up-regulated in embryonic midbrain (Jacobsen et al., ), suggesting that the G(−1019) allele may result in an early embryonic alteration in 5-HT1A receptor levels. Interestingly, Deaf1 displays tissue-specific activity, repressing 5-HT1A autoreceptor RNA and protein expression in raphe cells, but enhancing 5-HT1A promoter activity in non-serotonergic neurons (Lemonde et al., ; Czesak et al., ). Based on this, the G-allele is expected to increase 5-HT1A autoreceptor levels to reduce 5-HT neuronal activity, and decrease post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors, synergistically reducing 5-HT neurotransmission.
Transcriptional dysregulation of the 5-HT1A receptor gene in mental illness
Changes in 5-HT1A receptor RNA and protein levels are observed in brain regions of MDD subjects as discussed above, and suggest that alterations in 5-HT1A receptor gene expression could confer susceptibility. We initially associated the C(−1019)G polymorphism with MDD and suicide (Lemonde et al., ). This association has been replicated in most studies (Parsey et al., ; Anttila et al., ; Kraus et al., ; Le François et al., ; Kishi et al., ; Neff et al., ). In our original study (Lemonde et al., ), both G/G genotype (P = 0.0134*) and G-allele frequencies (P = 0.0043**) were associated with depression in females (81 normal; 74 depressed). Males (53 control; 55 depressed) showed the same trends for genotype and allele frequency (P = 0.0846 and 0.0574), but they were not significant, suggesting a stronger association in females. However the allele and genotype ratios in depressed/control were similar (G/G genotype frequency 2.36× and 2.39× for females and males; G-allele frequency 1.45× and 1.33×). Hence there does not appear to be a clear gender effect of the polymorphism for association with depression.
Recently, the homozygous 5-HT1A G/G(−1019) risk genotype has been associated with increased levels of 5-HT1A autoreceptors in the raphe of depressed and bipolar depressed subjects (Parsey et al., ; Sullivan et al., ), which is consistent with the increase in 5-HT1A autoreceptors observed in post-mortem studies of depressed suicides (Stockmeier et al., ; Drevets et al., ; Boldrini et al., ). This association supports the hypothesis that the 5-HT1A G(−1019) allele is a risk factor for depression by increasing 5-HT1A autoreceptor levels to reduce 5-HT neurotransmission (Albert and Lemonde, ). Interestingly, in serotonin neurons of depressed females, RNA levels of both Deaf1 and REST [a repressor of 5-HT1A receptor transcription (Lemonde et al., )] are increased, suggesting a compensatory change to re-establish normal 5-HT1A autoreceptor levels (Goswami et al., ). Despite these compensatory changes, there was a trend toward increased 5-HT1A RNA levels in depressed female raphe tissue, consistent with previous studies showing increased 5-HT1A autoreceptors. The recent finding that mice with selective increase in presynaptic 5-HT1A autoreceptors have depression-like behavior and are resistant to antidepressants (Richardson-Jones et al., ), provides validation of the hypothesis that dysregulation of the 5-HT1A autoreceptor is implicated in major depression (Albert et al., ; Albert and Lemonde, ).
In addition to its association with depression, we and others have found that the G(−1019) allele associates with reduced response to chronic SSRI or SSRI/pindolol treatment (Lemonde et al., ; Le François et al., ; Villafuerte et al., ; Yevtushenko et al., ). Interestingly, antidepressant response to flibanserin, a 5-HT1A agonist which directly targets 5-HT1A receptor desensitization, was the most attenuated in subjects with the G/G genotype. This suggests that the Deaf1 site is critical for antidepressant action to down-regulate 5-HT1A autoreceptor expression. However, particularly in Asian populations where the G-allele is more prevalent, there is evidence that SSRI response is greater in the G/G genotype (Kato et al., ), suggesting that alternate regulatory factors (e.g., Freud-1, REST) could augment 5-HT1A autoreceptor down-regulation. Therefore, mechanisms preventing 5-HT1A autoreceptor de-repression could provide effective therapy for treatment-resistant depressed patients.
Thus, alterations in transcription factors that regulate 5-HT1A expression could either contribute to the dysregulation of the receptor or compensate for changes associated with mental illness.
Targeting 5-HT1A Autoreceptors for Antidepressant Response
Targeting 5-HT1A autoreceptors to augment to antidepressant efficacy
Several compounds that target 5-HT1A receptors including pindolol and buspirone, have been used in augmentation with SSRIs to accelerate or enhance their antidepressant action. Pindolol is a β-adrenergic receptor blocker also shown to act as a weak partial agonist of the 5-HT1A receptor (Newman-Tancredi et al., ). Pindolol preferentially competes with endogenous 5-HT at presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors (Rabiner et al., ; Serrats et al., ) to increase serotonergic neurotransmission. Clinical studies have demonstrated that pindolol can accelerate response to SSRIs, even in drug-resistant depression (Artigas et al., ; Blier and Bergeron, ; Portella et al., ). However, the ability of pindolol to improve SSRI treatment has not been consistent, in part due to low occupancy of 5-HT1A receptor sites at the dose of pindolol used in most studies (Martinez et al., ). In contrast to pindolol, buspirone functions as strong 5-HT1A partial agonist that can specifically desensitize 5-HT1A autoreceptors (Sim-Selley et al., ) to relieve serotonergic autoinhibition. Similarly to pindolol, buspirone was able to improve SSRI treatment in some studies (Harvey and Balon, ; Trivedi et al., ) but not consistently (Blier and Ward, ). Differences between pindolol and buspirone appear due to their differential antagonist or agonist activity at 5-HT1A receptors. For example, unlike buspirone, acute pindolol treatment potentiates citalopram-mediated increase in 5-HT in rats (Hjorth, ). However, buspirone has unique agonist activities that can differ from full agonists like 5-HT. Buspirone and its analog BMY7378 inhibited Gi2-dependent constitutive activity of the 5-HT1A receptor, while full agonists (5-HT, 8OH-DPAT) or antagonists WAY100635, pindolol and NAN-190 had little or no effect (Albert et al., ). In the raphe nuclei, buspirone recruits Gi2, Gi3, and Go to the 5-HT1A receptor and inhibits adenylyl cyclase, while 8OH-DPAT only recruited Gi3 and did not inhibit forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase (Valdizan et al., ). The preferential activity of buspirone in raphe cells may explain the efficacy of buspirone to decrease 5-HT synthesis in olfactory-bulbectomized rats (Watanabe et al., ). Other compounds that act at 5-HT1A receptors, such as atypical antipsychotics aripiprazole (Abilify) or SNRI milnacipran (Savella), can also ameliorate response to SSRIs. However, while these compounds desensitize the 5-HT1A autoreceptor (Mochizuki et al., ), they have other targets that can participate in their antidepressant actions. In addition it is important to note that drugs that indirectly target 5-HT neurons (Guiard et al., ) such as bupropion or α2-adrenergic receptor antagonists may also enhance response to SSRI response (Tremblay and Blier, ; Trivedi et al., ; Blier et al., ). Thus, the concept of a multi-system therapeutic strategy appears to provide enhanced treatment response and remission rates compared to SSRI alone (Blier et al., ).
Targeting 5-HT1A gene transcription for the treatment of depression
The inconsistent results using 5-HT1A agonists to augment or accelerate response to SSRIs, may be due to their limited ability to decrease presynaptic 5-HT1A receptor levels. In fact, effective treatment appears to require long-term adaptive changes in addition to rapid desensitization of 5-HT1A autoreceptors, such as reduced transcription of 5-HT1A autoreceptors or induction of post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors. For example, it was recently shown that aripiprazole increases hippocampal and cortical 5-HT1A receptors (Han et al., ). This suggests that long-term activation of presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors might trigger transcriptional changes that follow the rapid initial desensitization of the receptors and lead to long-term alterations in 5-HT1A receptor levels. The recent finding that a 30% transcription-mediated increase in 5-HT1A autoreceptors is sufficient to abolish response to chronic antidepressant treatment in adult mice (Richardson-Jones et al., ), suggests that an ability to even slightly down-regulate 5-HT1A autoreceptor expression could greatly improve SSRI response in treatment-resistant patients.
Additionally, it would be important to determine how 5-HT1A agonists affect the expression and activity of key transcriptional regulators of the 5-HT1A receptor gene. Recent findings suggested that alterations in Deaf1 occur both in raphe and prefrontal cortex of depressed females (Szewczyk et al., ; Goswami et al., ), suggesting that females may be more responsive to drugs that could upregulate Deaf1 expression. Up-regulation of Deaf-1 levels would be expected to repress presynaptic and induce post-synaptic 5-HT1A gene expression to increase serotonin neurotransmission in heterozygous or C/C homozygous subjects. However, patients with the 5-HT1A G/G(−1019) genotype would be expected to be resistant since the G-allele does not respond to Deaf1.
Since depression is twice as frequent in females compared to males, gender-specific alterations in 5-HT1A autoreceptor expression could mediate an increased susceptibility. In female rats and serotonin transporter-deficient female mice, ovariectomy results in increased raphe 5-HT1A receptor RNA and binding (Bouali et al., ; Le Saux and Di Paolo, ) and increased anxiety behavior (Imwalle et al., ), while estrogen treatment reverses changes in 5-HT1A levels and anxiety, increasing raphe responsiveness (Abizaid et al., ). Similarly, estrogen receptor-beta knockout female mice display increased anxiety and reduced raphe 5-HT levels (Imwalle et al., ). In female rhesus macaques, ovariectomy leads to an increase in nuclear NFkB in 5-HT raphe neurons, while estrogen/progesterone reverses this (Bethea et al., ) and reduces 5-HT1A autoreceptor protein level (Henderson and Bethea, ), which could be driven by NFkB-response element in the 5-HT1A promoter. Thus estrogen appear to be protective for anxiety and negatively regulates 5-HT1A autoreceptor levels to enhance raphe activity, but the mechanisms of this regulation remain to be clarified.
Antidepressant treatments could also target cortical 5-HT1A receptors, which are reduced in depression. Down-regulation of Freud-1 or Freud-2 in post-synaptic regions could lead to an increase in 5-HT1A receptor RNA and normalize post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptor expression and restore response of post-synaptic neuron to 5-HT. Interestingly, Freud-1 RNA and protein was down-regulated in the prefrontal cortex of chronically stressed rats (Iyo et al., ), while 5-HT1A RNA level was increased, although 5-HT1A protein was reduced. Similarly in the prefrontal cortex of younger (<58 years) depressed subjects (especially males), Freud-1 RNA and protein were decreased, while 5-HT1A receptor protein was also reduced (Szewczyk et al., ). Thus, despite increased 5-HT1A RNA other post-translational processes, such as receptor down-regulation, may reduce cortical 5-HT1A protein levels in depression. Interestingly, cortical Freud-1 levels were not altered by chronic treatment of macaques with SSRI, suggesting that other types of antidepressant treatments may be required to induce this effect. Alternately, Freud-1 activity could be reduced, for example by calcium mobilization, which inactivates Freud-1 (Ou et al., ).
Conclusion
Alterations in pre- and post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptor RNA and protein expression in depression suggest that transcriptional dysregulation of the receptor is involved. Currently used 5-HT1A selective ligands are well known to induce desensitization of 5-HT1A receptors, but should be tested for their ability to alter 5-HT1A gene transcription. Among the known transcriptional regulators of the 5-HT1A receptor, Deaf-1 is a very attractive target due to its ability to repress presynaptic 5-HT1A expression, while inducing post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors. Thus, identification of ligands or strategies that activate or induce Deaf-1 could simultaneously target pre- and post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptor expression to increase serotonergic tone.
Statements
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
1
aan het RotM.MathewS. J.CharneyD. S. (2009). Neurobiological mechanisms in major depressive disorder. CMAJ180, 305–313.10.1503/cmaj.080697
2
AbizaidA.MezeiG.ThanarajasingamG.HorvathT. L. (2005). Estrogen enhances light-induced activation of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci.21, 1536–1546.10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03964.x
3
AkimovaE.LanzenbergerR.KasperS. (2009). The serotonin-1A receptor in anxiety disorders. Biol. Psychiatry66, 627–635.10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.03.012
4
AlbertP. R.LemboP.StorringJ. M.CharestA.SaucierC. (1996). The 5-HT1A receptor: signaling, desensitization, and gene transcription. Neuropsychopharmacology14, 19–25.10.1016/S0893-133X(96)80055-8
5
AlbertP. R.LemondeS. (2004). 5-HT1A receptors, gene repression, and depression: guilt by association. Neuroscientist10, 575–593.10.1177/1073858404267382
6
AlbertP. R.SajediN.LemondeS.GhahremaniM. H. (1999). Constitutive G(i2)-dependent activation of adenylyl cyclase type II by the 5-HT1A receptor. Inhibition by anxiolytic partial agonists. J. Biol. Chem.274, 35469–35474.10.1128/MCB.20.5.1497-1506.2000
7
AnttilaS.HuuhkaK.HuuhkaM.RontuR.HurmeM.LeinonenE.LehtimakiT. (2007). Interaction between 5-HT1A and BDNF genotypes increases the risk of treatment-resistant depression. J. Neural Transm.114, 1065–1068.10.1007/s00702-007-0705-9
8
ArtigasF.PerezV.AlvarezE. (1994). Pindolol induces a rapid improvement of depressed patients treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry51, 248–251.10.1001/archpsyc.56.4.375
9
BarnesN. M.SharpT. (1999). A review of central 5-HT receptors and their function. Neuropharmacology38, 1083–1152.10.1016/S0028-3908(99)00010-6
10
BerneyA.NishikawaM.BenkelfatC.DebonnelG.GobbiG.DiksicM. (2008). An index of 5-HT synthesis changes during early antidepressant treatment: alpha-[(11)C]methyl-l-tryptophan PET study. Neurochem. Int.52, 701–708.10.1016/j.neuint.2007.08.021
11
BertonO.NestlerE. J. (2006). New approaches to antidepressant drug discovery: beyond monoamines. Nat. Rev. Neurosci.7, 137–151.10.1038/nrn1846
12
BetheaC. L.ReddyA. P.SmithL. J. (2006). Nuclear factor kappa B in the dorsal raphe of macaques: an anatomical link for steroids, cytokines and serotonin. J Psychiatry Neurosci31, 105–114.10.1016/j.yfrne.2006.03.262
13
BhagwagarZ.RabinerE. A.SargentP. A.GrasbyP. M.CowenP. J. (2004). Persistent reduction in brain serotonin1A receptor binding in recovered depressed men measured by positron emission tomography with [11C]WAY-100635. Mol. Psychiatry9, 386–392.10.1038/sj.mp.4001401
14
BlierP. (2003). The pharmacology of putative early-onset antidepressant strategies. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol.13, 57–66.10.1016/S0924-977X(02)00173-6
15
BlierP.BergeronR. (1995). Effectiveness of pindolol with selected antidepressant drugs in the treatment of major depression. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol.15, 217–222.10.1097/00004714-199506000-00011
16
BlierP.WardH. E.TremblayP.LabergeL.HebertC.BergeronR. (2010). Combination of antidepressant medications from treatment initiation for major depressive disorder: a double-blind randomized study. Am. J. Psychiatry167, 281–288.10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09020186
17
BlierP.WardN. M. (2003). Is there a role for 5-HT(1A) agonists in the treatment of depression?Biol. Psychiatry53, 193–203.10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01643-8
18
BoldriniM.UnderwoodM. D.MannJ. J.ArangoV. (2008). Serotonin-1A autoreceptor binding in the dorsal raphe nucleus of depressed suicides. J. Psychiatr. Res.42, 433–442.10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.05.004
19
BortolozziA.Amargos-BoschM.TothM.ArtigasF.AdellA. (2004). In vivo efflux of serotonin in the dorsal raphe nucleus of 5-HT1A receptor knockout mice. J. Neurochem.88, 1373–1379.10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02044.x
20
BoualiS.EvrardA.ChastanetM.LeschK. P.HamonM.AdrienJ. (2003). Sex hormone-dependent desensitization of 5-HT1A autoreceptors in knockout mice deficient in the 5-HT transporter. Eur. J. Neurosci.18, 2203–2212.10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02960.x
21
BurnetP. W.MeadA.EastwoodS. L.LaceyK.HarrisonP. J.SharpT. (1995). Repeated ECS differentially affects rat brain 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor expression. Neuroreport6, 901–904.10.1097/00001756-199504190-00019
22
CzesakM.LemondeS.PetersonE. A.RogaevaA.AlbertP. R. (2006). Cell-specific repressor or enhancer activities of Deaf-1 at a serotonin 1A receptor gene polymorphism. J. Neurosci.26, 1864–1871.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2643-05.2006
23
DorisA.EbmeierK.ShajahanP. (1999). Depressive illness. Lancet354, 1369–1375.10.1016/S0140-6736(99)03121-9
24
DrevetsW. C.ThaseM. E.Moses-KolkoE. L.PriceJ.FrankE.KupferD. J.MathisC. (2007). Serotonin-1A receptor imaging in recurrent depression: replication and literature review. Nucl. Med. Biol.34, 865–877.10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2007.06.008
25
DumanR. S. (2004). Role of neurotrophic factors in the etiology and treatment of mood disorders. Neuromol. Med.5, 11–26.10.1385/NMM:5:1:011
26
Elena CastroM.DiazA.del OlmoE.PazosA. (2003). Chronic fluoxetine induces opposite changes in G protein coupling at pre and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors in rat brain. Neuropharmacology44, 93–101.10.1016/S0028-3908(02)00340-4
27
FanelliR. J.McMonagle-StruckoK. (1992). Alteration of 5-HT1A receptor binding sites following chronic treatment with ipsapirone measured by quantitative autoradiography. Synapse12, 75–81.10.1002/syn.890120109
28
FavaM.KendlerK. S. (2000). Major depressive disorder. Neuron28, 335–341.10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00112-4
29
GordonJ. A.HenR. (2004). The serotonergic system and anxiety. Neuromol. Med.5, 27–40.10.1385/NMM:5:1:027
30
GoswamiD. B.MayW. L.StockmeierC. A.AustinM. C. (2010). Transcriptional expression of serotonergic regulators in laser-captured microdissected dorsal raphe neurons of subjects with major depressive disorder: sex-specific differences. J. Neurochem.112, 397–409.10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06462.x
31
GreenwoodB. N.FoleyT. E.DayH. E.BurhansD.BrooksL.CampeauS.FleshnerM. (2005). Wheel running alters serotonin (5-HT) transporter, 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(1B), and alpha(1b)-adrenergic receptor mRNA in the rat raphe nuclei. Biol. Psychiatry57, 559–568.10.1016/j.brainres.2004.11.037
32
GreenwoodB. N.FoleyT. E.DayH. E.CampisiJ.HammackS. H.CampeauS.MaierS. F.FleshnerM. (2003). Freewheel running prevents learned helplessness/behavioral depression: role of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons. J. Neurosci.23, 2889–2898.10.1002/cne.20138
33
GrossC.ZhuangX.StarkK.RambozS.OostingR.KirbyL.SantarelliL.BeckS.HenR. (2002). Serotonin1A receptor acts during development to establish normal anxiety-like behaviour in the adult. Nature416, 396–400.10.1038/416396a
34
GuiardB. P.El MansariM.MeraliZ.BlierP. (2008). Functional interactions between dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine neurons: an in-vivo electrophysiological study in rats with monoaminergic lesions. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol.11, 625–639.10.1017/S1461145707008383
35
HadjighassemM. R.AustinM. C.SzewczykB.DaigleM.StockmeierC. A.AlbertP. R. (2009). Human Freud-2/CC2D1B: a novel repressor of postsynaptic serotonin-1A receptor expression. Biol. Psychiatry66, 214–222.10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.033
36
HanM.HuangX. F.du BoisT. M.DengC. (2009). The effects of antipsychotic drugs administration on 5-HT1A receptor expression in the limbic system of the rat brain. Neuroscience164, 1754–1763.10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.041
37
HarveyK. V.BalonR. (1995). Augmentation with buspirone: a review. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry7, 143–147.10.3109/10401239509149042
38
HeislerL. K.ChuH. M.BrennanT. J.DanaoJ. A.BajwaP.ParsonsL. H.TecottL. H. (1998). Elevated anxiety and antidepressant-like responses in serotonin 5-HT1A receptor mutant mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.95, 15049–15054.10.1073/pnas.95.25.15049
39
HendersonJ. A.BetheaC. L. (2008). Differential effects of ovarian steroids and raloxifene on serotonin 1A and 2C receptor protein expression in macaques. Endocrine.33, 285–293.10.1007/s12020-008-9087-5
40
HjorthS. (1996). (-)-Pindolol, but not buspirone, potentiates the citalopram-induced rise in extracellular 5-hydroxytryptamine. Eur. J. Pharmacol.303, 183–186.
41
HjorthS.BengtssonH. J.MilanoS. (1996). Raphe 5-HT1A autoreceptors, but not postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors or beta-adrenoceptors, restrain the citalopram-induced increase in extracellular 5-hydroxytryptamine in vivo. Eur. J. Pharmacol.316, 43–47.10.1016/S0014-2999(96)00779-0
42
HornungJ. P. (2003). The human raphe nuclei and the serotonergic system. J. Chem. Neuroanat.26, 331–343.10.1016/j.jchemneu.2003.10.002
43
ImwalleD. B.GustafssonJ. A.RissmanE. F. (2005). Lack of functional estrogen receptor beta influences anxiety behavior and serotonin content in female mice. Physiol. Behav.84, 157–163.10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.11.002
44
IyoA. H.KieranN.ChandranA.AlbertP. R.WicksI.BissetteG.AustinM. C. (2009). Differential regulation of the serotonin 1 A transcriptional modulators five prime repressor element under dual repression-1 and nuclear-deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor by chronic stress. Neuroscience163, 1119–1127.10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.07.053
45
JacobsenK. X.VanderluitJ.SlackR. S.AlbertP. R. (2008). HES1 regulates 5-HT1A receptor gene transcription at a functional polymorphism: Essential role in developmental expression. Mol. Cell. Neurosci.38, 349–358.10.1016/j.mcn.2008.03.007
46
JansL. A.RiedelW. J.MarkusC. R.BloklandA. (2007). Serotonergic vulnerability and depression: assumptions, experimental evidence and implications. Mol. Psychiatry12, 522–543.10.1038/sj.mp.4001920
47
KatoM.FukudaT.WakenoM.OkugawaG.TakekitaY.WatanabeS.YamashitaM.HosoiY.AzumaJ.KinoshitaT.SerrettiA. (2009). Effect of 5-HT1A gene polymorphisms on antidepressant response in major depressive disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet.150B, 115–123.10.1002/ajmg.b.30783
48
KishiT.TsunokaT.IkedaM.KawashimaK.OkochiT.KitajimaT.KinoshitaY.OkumuraT.YamanouchiY.InadaT.OzakiN.IwataN. (2009). Serotonin 1A receptor gene and major depressive disorder: an association study and meta-analysis. J. Hum. Genet.54, 629–633.10.1038/jhg.2009.84
49
KrausM. R.Al-TaieO.SchaferA.PfersdorffM.LeschK. P.ScheurlenM. (2007). Serotonin-1A receptor gene HTR1A variation predicts interferon-induced depression in chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology132, 1279–1286.10.1053/j.gastro.2007.02.053
50
KusserowH.DaviesB.HortnaglH.VoigtI.StrohT.BertB.DengD. R.FinkH.VehR. W.TheuringF. (2004). Reduced anxiety-related behaviour in transgenic mice overexpressing serotonin 1A receptors. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res.129, 104–116.10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.06.028
51
LanfumeyL.MongeauR.Cohen-SalmonC.HamonM. (2008). Corticosteroid–serotonin interactions in the neurobiological mechanisms of stress-related disorders. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.32, 1174–1184.10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.04.006
52
LanzenbergerR. R.MitterhauserM.SpindeleggerC.WadsakW.KleinN.MienL. K.HolikA.AttarbaschiT.MossahebN.SacherJ.Geiss-GranadiaT.KletterK.KasperS.TauscherJ. (2007). Reduced serotonin-1A receptor binding in social anxiety disorder. Biol. Psychiatry61, 1081–1089.10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.022
53
Le FrançoisB.CzesakM.SteublD.AlbertP. R. (2008). Transcriptional regulation at a HTR1A polymorphism associated with mental illness. Neuropharmacology55, 977–985.10.1016/j.jad.2007.12.049
54
LemondeS.DuL.BakishD.HrdinaP.AlbertP. R. (2004a). Association of the C(−1019)G 5-HT1A functional promoter polymorphism with antidepressant response. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol.7, 501–506.10.1017/S1461145704004699
55
LemondeS.RogaevaA.AlbertP. R. (2004b). Cell type-dependent recruitment of trichostatin A-sensitive repression of the human 5-HT1A receptor gene. J. Neurochem.88, 857–868.10.1074/jbc.M610038200
56
LemondeS.TureckiG.BakishD.DuL.HrdinaP. D.BownC. D.SequeiraA.KushwahaN.MorrisS. J.BasakA.OuX. M.AlbertP. R. (2003). Impaired repression at a 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor gene polymorphism associated with major depression and suicide. J. Neurosci.23, 8788–8799.10.1017/S1461145704004699
57
Le PoulE.BoniC.HanounN.LaporteA. M.LaarisN.ChauveauJ.HamonM.LanfumeyL. (2000). Differential adaptation of brain 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors and 5-HT transporter in rats treated chronically with fluoxetine. Neuropharmacology39, 110–122.10.1016/S0028-3908(99)00088-X
58
Le PoulE.LaarisN.DoucetE.LaporteA. M.HamonM.LanfumeyL. (1995). Early desensitization of somato-dendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors in rats treated with fluoxetine or paroxetine. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol.352, 141–148.
59
Le SauxM.Di PaoloT. (2005). Changes in 5-HT1A receptor binding and G-protein activation in the rat brain after estrogen treatment: comparison with tamoxifen and raloxifene. J. Psychiatry Neurosci.30, 110–117.10.1002/jnr.21007
60
LopezJ. F.ChalmersD. T.LittleK. Y.WatsonS. J. (1998). A.E. Bennett Research Award. Regulation of serotonin1A, glucocorticoid, and mineralocorticoid receptor in rat and human hippocampus: implications for the neurobiology of depression. Biol. Psychiatry43, 547–573.10.1016/0167-4889(92)90070-R
61
Lopez-FigueroaA. L.NortonC. S.Lopez-FigueroaM. O.Armellini-DodelD.BurkeS.AkilH.LopezJ. F.WatsonS. J. (2004). Serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, and 5-HT2A receptor mRNA expression in subjects with major depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry55, 225–233.
62
MannJ. J. (2005). The medical management of depression. N. Engl. J. Med.353, 1819–1834.10.1056/NEJMra050730
63
MannJ. J.BrentD. A.ArangoV. (2001). The neurobiology and genetics of suicide and attempted suicide: a focus on the serotonergic system. Neuropsychopharmacology24, 467–477.10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00228-1
64
MartinezD.MawlawiO.HwangD.KentJ.SimpsonN.ParseyR. V.HashimotoT.SlifsteinM.HuangY.Van HeertumR.Abi-DarghamA.CaltabianoS.MaliziaA.CowleyH.MannJ. J.LaruelleM. (2000). Positron emission tomography study of pindolol occupancy of 5-HT(1A) receptors in humans: preliminary analyses. Nucl. Med. Biol.27, 523–527.10.1007/s00213-002-1218-8
65
MathersC. D.LoncarD. (2006). Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med.3, e442.10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442
66
MeltzerC. C.PriceJ. C.MathisC. A.ButtersM. A.ZiolkoS. K.Moses-KolkoE.MazumdarS.MulsantB. H.HouckP. R.LoprestiB. J.WeissfeldL. A.ReynoldsC. F. (2004). Serotonin 1A receptor binding and treatment response in late-life depression. Neuropsychopharmacology29, 2258–2265.10.1038/sj.npp.1300556
67
MillanM. J. (2004). The role of monoamines in the actions of established and “novel” antidepressant agents: a critical review. Eur. J. Pharmacol.500, 371–384.10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.038
68
MochizukiD.HokonoharaT.KawasakiK.MikiN. (2002). Repeated administration of milnacipran induces rapid desensitization of somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors but not postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors. J. Psychopharmacol.16, 253–260.10.1177/026988110201600311
69
Morley-FletcherS.DarnauderyM.MocaerE.FrogerN.LanfumeyL.LaviolaG.CasoliniP.ZuenaA. R.MarzanoL.HamonM.MaccariS. (2004). Chronic treatment with imipramine reverses immobility behaviour, hippocampal corticosteroid receptors and cortical 5-HT(1A) receptor mRNA in prenatally stressed rats. Neuropharmacology47, 841–847.10.1097/00008877-200409000-00112
70
Moses-KolkoE. L.WisnerK. L.PriceJ. C.BergaS. L.DrevetsW. C.HanusaB. H.LoucksT. L.MeltzerC. C. (2008). Serotonin 1A receptor reductions in postpartum depression: a positron emission tomography study. Fertil. Steril.89, 685–692.10.1002/syn.20398
71
NashJ. R.SargentP. A.RabinerE. A.HoodS. D.ArgyropoulosS. V.PotokarJ. P.GrasbyP. M.NuttD. J. (2008). Serotonin 5-HT1A receptor binding in people with panic disorder: positron emission tomography study. Br. J. Psychiatry193, 229–234.10.1192/bjp.bp.107.041186
72
NeffC. D.AbkevichV.PackerJ. C.ChenY.PotterJ.RileyR.DavenportC.DeGrado WarrenJ.JammulapatiS.BhathenaA.ChoiW. S.KroegerP. E.MetzgerR. E.GutinA.SkolnickM. H.ShattuckD.KatzD. A. (2009). Evidence for HTR1A and LHPP as interacting genetic risk factors in major depression. Mol. Psychiatry14, 621–630.10.1038/mp.2008.8
73
NestlerE. J.CarlezonW. A.Jr (2006). The mesolimbic dopamine reward circuit in depression. Biol. Psychiatry59, 1151–1159.10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.09.018
74
NeumeisterA.BainE.NugentA. C.CarsonR. E.BonneO.LuckenbaughD. A.EckelmanW.HerscovitchP.CharneyD. S.DrevetsW. C. (2004). Reduced serotonin type 1A receptor binding in panic disorder. J. Neurosci.24, 589–591.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4921-03.2004
75
Newman-TancrediA.ChaputC.GavaudanS.VerrieleL.MillanM. J. (1998). Agonist and antagonist actions of (-)pindolol at recombinant, human serotonin1A (5-HT1A) receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology18, 395–398.10.1007/PL00005243
76
OuX. M.Jafar-NejadH.StorringJ. M.MengJ. H.LemondeS.AlbertP. R. (2000). Novel dual repressor elements for neuronal cell-specific transcription of the rat 5-HT1A receptor gene. J. Biol. Chem.275, 8161–8168.10.1074/jbc.275.11.8161
77
OuX. M.LemondeS.Jafar-NejadH.BownC. D.GotoA.RogaevaA.AlbertP. R. (2003). Freud-1: a novel calcium-regulated repressor of the 5-HT1A receptor gene. J. Neurosci.23, 7415–7425.10.1074/jbc.M610038200
78
ParksC. L.RobinsonP. S.SibilleE.ShenkT.TothM. (1998). Increased anxiety of mice lacking the serotonin1A receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.95, 10734–10739.10.1073/pnas.95.18.10734
79
ParksC. L.ShenkT. (1996). The serotonin 1a receptor gene contains a TATA-less promoter that responds to MAZ and Sp1. J. Biol. Chem.271, 4417–4430.10.1074/jbc.271.8.4417
80
ParseyR. V.OlvetD. M.OquendoM. A.HuangY. Y.OgdenR. T.MannJ. J. (2006a). Higher 5-HT1A receptor binding potential during a major depressive episode predicts poor treatment response: preliminary data from a naturalistic study. Neuropsychopharmacology31, 1745–1749.10.1038/sj.npp.1300992
81
ParseyR. V.OquendoM. A.OgdenR. T.OlvetD. M.SimpsonN.HuangY. Y.Van HeertumR. L.ArangoV.MannJ. J. (2006b). Altered serotonin 1A binding in major depression: a [carbonyl-C-11]WAY100635 positron emission tomography study. Biol. Psychiatry59, 106–113.10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.06.016
82
PortellaM. J.de Diego-AdelinoJ.PuigdemontD.Perez-EgeaR.AlvarezE.ArtigasF.PerezV. (2009). Pindolol augmentation enhances response outcomes in first depressive episodes. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol.19, 516–519.10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.04.004
83
RabinerE. A.BhagwagarZ.GunnR. N.CowenP. J.GrasbyP. M. (2004). Preferential 5-HT(1A) autoreceptor occupancy by pindolol is attenuated in depressed patients: effect of treatment or an endophenotype of depression?Neuropsychopharmacology29, 1688–1698.10.1038/sj.npp.1300472
84
RambozS.OostingR.AmaraD. A.KungH. F.BlierP.MendelsohnM.MannJ. J.BrunnerD.HenR. (1998). Serotonin receptor 1A knockout: an animal model of anxiety-related disorder. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.95, 14476–14481.10.1073/pnas.95.24.14476
85
RiadM.GarciaS.WatkinsK. C.JodoinN.DoucetE.LangloisX.el MestikawyS.HamonM.DescarriesL. (2000). Somatodendritic localization of 5-HT1A and preterminal axonal localization of 5-HT1B serotonin receptors in adult rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol.417, 181–194.10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(20000207)417:2<181::AID-CNE4>3.0.CO;2-A
86
RiadM.WatkinsK. C.DoucetE.HamonM.DescarriesL. (2001). Agonist-induced internalization of serotonin-1a receptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus (autoreceptors) but not hippocampus (heteroreceptors). J. Neurosci.21, 8378–8386.10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(20000207)417:2<181::AID-CNE4>3.3.CO;2-1
87
RiadM.ZimmerL.RbahL.WatkinsK. C.HamonM.DescarriesL. (2004). Acute treatment with the antidepressant fluoxetine internalizes 5-HT1A autoreceptors and reduces the in vivo binding of the PET radioligand [18F]MPPF in the nucleus raphe dorsalis of rat. J. Neurosci.24, 5420–5426.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0950-04.2004
88
Richardson-JonesJ. W.CraigeC. P.GuiardB. P.StephenA.MetzgerK. L.KungH. F.GardierA. M.DranovskyA.DavidD. J.BeckS. G.HenR.LeonardoE. D. (2010). 5-HT(1A) autoreceptor levels determine vulnerability to stress and response to antidepressants. Neuron65, 40–52.10.1016/j.neuron.2009.12.003
89
RicherM.HenR.BlierP. (2002). Modification of serotonin neuron properties in mice lacking 5-HT1A receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol.435, 195–203.10.1016/S0014-2999(01)01607-7
90
RossiD. V.BurkeT. F.McCaslandM.HenslerJ. G. (2008). Serotonin-1A receptor function in the dorsal raphe nucleus following chronic administration of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor sertraline. J. Neurochem.105, 1091–1099.10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05201.x
91
SantarelliL.SaxeM.GrossC.SurgetA.BattagliaF.DulawaS.WeisstaubN.LeeJ.DumanR.ArancioO.BelzungC.HenR. (2003). Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Science301, 805–809.10.1126/science.1083328
92
SargentP. A.KjaerK. H.BenchC. J.RabinerE. A.MessaC.MeyerJ.GunnR. N.GrasbyP. M.CowenP. J. (2000). Brain serotonin1A receptor binding measured by positron emission tomography with [11C]WAY-100635: effects of depression and antidepressant treatment. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry57, 174–180.10.1001/archpsyc.57.2.174
93
SavitzJ.LuckiI.DrevetsW. C. (2009). 5-HT(1A) receptor function in major depressive disorder. Prog. Neurobiol.88, 17–31.10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.01.009
94
SerratsJ.ArtigasF.MengodG.CortesR. (2004). An autoradiographic study of the influence of pindolol upon [35S]GTPgammaS binding in rat, guinea pig and human brain. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol.7, 27–34.10.1017/S1461145703003924
95
ShenC.LiH.MellerE. (2002). Repeated treatment with antidepressants differentially alters 5-HT1A agonist-stimulated [35S]GTP gamma S binding in rat brain regions. Neuropharmacology42, 1031–1038.10.1016/S0028-3908(02)00064-3
96
ShivelyC. A.FriedmanD. P.GageH. D.BoundsM. C.Brown-ProctorC.BlairJ. B.HendersonJ. A.SmithM. A.BuchheimerN. (2006). Behavioral depression and positron emission tomography-determined serotonin 1A receptor binding potential in cynomolgus monkeys. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry63, 396–403.10.1001/archpsyc.63.4.396
97
SibugR. M.CompaanJ. C.MeijerO. C.Van der GugtenJ.OlivierB.De KloetE. R. (1998). Flesinoxan treatment reduces 5-HT1A receptor mRNA in the dentate gyrus independently of high plasma corticosterone levels. Eur. J. Pharmacol.353, 207–214.10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00417-8
98
Sim-SelleyL. J.VogtL. J.XiaoR.ChildersS. R.SelleyD. E. (2000). Region-specific changes in 5-HT(1A) receptor-activated G-proteins in rat brain following chronic buspirone. Eur. J. Pharmacol.389, 147–153.10.1016/S0014-2999(99)00875-4
99
SkolnickP.PopikP.TrullasR. (2009). Glutamate-based antidepressants: 20 years on. Trends Pharmacol. Sci.30, 563–569.10.1016/j.tips.2009.09.002
100
SoteloC.CholleyB. S. E. M.GozlanH.HamonM. (1990). Direct immunohistochemical evidence of the existence of 5-HT1A autoreceptors on serotoninergic neurons in the midbrain raphe nuclei. Eur. J. Neurosci.2, 1144–1154.10.1111/j.1460-9568.1990.tb00026.x
101
StockmeierC. A.ShapiroL. A.DilleyG. E.KolliT. N.FriedmanL.RajkowskaG. (1998). Increase in serotonin-1A autoreceptors in the midbrain of suicide victims with major depression-postmortem evidence for decreased serotonin activity. J. Neurosci.18, 7394–7401.10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.01.001
102
StorringJ. M.CharestA.ChengP.AlbertP. R. (1999). TATA-driven transcriptional initiation and regulation of the rat serotonin 5-HT1A receptor gene. J. Neurochem.72, 2238–2247.10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0722238.x
103
SullivanG. M.OgdenR. T.OquendoM. A.KumarJ. S.SimpsonN.HuangY. Y.MannJ. J.ParseyR. V. (2009). Positron emission tomography quantification of serotonin-1A receptor binding in medication-free bipolar depression. Biol. Psychiatry66, 223–230.10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.01.028
104
SullivanG. M.OquendoM. A.SimpsonN.Van HeertumR. L.MannJ. J.ParseyR. V. (2005). Brain serotonin1A receptor binding in major depression is related to psychic and somatic anxiety. Biol. Psychiatry58, 947–954.10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.05.006
105
SzewczykB.AlbertP. R.BurnsA. M.CzesakM.OverholserJ. C.JurjusG. J.MeltzerH. Y.KonickL. C.DieterL.HerbstN.MayW.RajkowskaG.StockmeierC. A.AustinM. C. (2009). Gender-specific decrease in NUDR and 5-HT1A receptor proteins in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with major depressive disorder. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol.12, 155–168.10.1017/S1461145708009012
106
SzewczykB.AlbertP. R.RogaevaA.FitzgibbonH.MayW.RajkowskaG.Miguel-HidalgoJ. J.StockmeierC. A.WoolvertonW. L.KyleP. B.WangZ.AustinM. C. (2010). Decreased expression of Freud-1/CC2D1A, a transcriptional repressor of the 5-HT1A receptor, in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with major depression. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. (in press).10.1017/S1461145708009012
107
TauscherJ.BagbyR. M.JavanmardM.ChristensenB. K.KasperS.KapurS. (2001). Inverse relationship between serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptor binding and anxiety: a [(11)C]WAY-100635 PET investigation in healthy volunteers. Am. J. Psychiatry158, 1326–1328.10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1326
108
TremblayP.BlierP. (2006). Catecholaminergic strategies for the treatment of major depression. Curr. Drug Targets7, 149–158.10.2174/138945006775515464
109
TrivediM. H.FavaM.WisniewskiS. R.ThaseM. E.QuitkinF.WardenD.RitzL.NierenbergA. A.LebowitzB. D.BiggsM. M.LutherJ. F.Shores-WilsonK.RushA. J. (2006a). Medication augmentation after the failure of SSRIs for depression. N. Engl. J. Med.354, 1243–1252.10.1176/appi.ajp.163.9.1519
110
TrivediM. H.RushA. J.WisniewskiS. R.NierenbergA. A.WardenD.RitzL.NorquistG.HowlandR. H.LebowitzB.McGrathP. J.Shores-WilsonK.BiggsM. M.BalasubramaniG. K.FavaM. (2006b). Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for depression using measurement-based care in STAR*D: implications for clinical practice. Am. J. Psychiatry163, 28–40.10.1176/appi.ajp.163.9.1519
111
TrivediM. H.HollanderE.NuttD.BlierP. (2008). Clinical evidence and potential neurobiological underpinnings of unresolved symptoms of depression. J. Clin. Psychiatry69, 246–258.10.4088/JCP.v69n0211
112
UstunT. B.Ayuso-MateosJ. L.ChatterjiS.MathersC.MurrayC. J. (2004). Global burden of depressive disorders in the year 2000. Br. J. Psychiatry184, 386–392.10.1192/bjp.184.5.386
113
ValdizanE. M.CastroE.PazosA. (2009). Agonist-dependent modulation of G-protein coupling and transduction of 5-HT1A receptors in rat dorsal raphe nucleus. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol.1–9.
114
VillafuerteS. M.VallabhaneniK.SliwerskaE.McMahonF. J.YoungE. A.BurmeisterM. (2009). SSRI response in depression may be influenced by SNPs in HTR1B and HTR1A. Psychiatr. Genet.19, 281–291.10.1097/YPG.0b013e32832a506e
115
WaltherD. J.PeterJ. U.BashammakhS.HortnaglH.VoitsM.FinkH.BaderM. (2003). Synthesis of serotonin by a second tryptophan hydroxylase isoform. Science299, 76.10.1126/science.1078197
116
WatanabeA.HasegawaS.NishiK.NguyenK. Q.DiksicM. (2006). Chronic buspirone treatment normalizes regional serotonin synthesis in the olfactory bulbectomized rat brain: an autoradiographic study. Brain Res. Bull.69, 101–108.10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.11.008
117
WelnerS. A.De MontignyC.DesrochesJ.DesjardinsP.Suranyi-CadotteB. E. (1989). Autoradiographic quantification of serotonin1A receptors in rat brain following antidepressant drug treatment. Synapse4, 347–352.10.1002/syn.890040410
118
WongD. T.PerryK. W.BymasterF. P. (2005). Case history: the discovery of fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac). Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.4, 764–774.10.1007/s00213-001-0986-x
119
YevtushenkoO. O.OrosM. M.ReynoldsG. P. (2010). Early response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in panic disorder is associated with a functional 5-HT1A receptor gene polymorphism. J. Affect Disord.123, 308–311.10.1016/j.jad.2009.09.007
120
YoungS. N.LeytonM. (2002). The role of serotonin in human mood and social interaction. Insight from altered tryptophan levels. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.71, 857–865.10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00670-0
Summary
Keywords
5-HT1A receptor, transcription, autoreceptor, major depressive disorder, serotonin receptors, raphe nuclei
Citation
Albert PR and Le François B (2010) Modifying 5-HT1A Receptor Gene Expression as a New Target for Antidepressant Therapy. Front. Neurosci. 4:35. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2010.00035
Received
12 April 2010
Accepted
10 May 2010
Published
17 June 2010
Volume
4 - 2010
Edited by
Xiao-Ming Ou, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA
Reviewed by
Jason B. Wu, University of Southern California, USA; Xiao-Ming Ou, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA
Copyright
© 2010 Albert and Le François.
This is an open-access article subject to an exclusive license agreement between the authors and the Frontiers Research Foundation, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited.
*Correspondence: Paul R. Albert, Department of Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H-8M5, Canada. e-mail: palbert@uottawa.ca
This article was submitted to Frontiers in Neuropharmacology, a specialty of Frontiers in Neuroscience.
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.