ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Neurosci.
Sec. Translational Neuroscience
Impact of Binaural Beat Stimulation on Working Memory: A Graph Theory Network Approach
Provisionally accepted
Muhammad Danish Mujib1*
Ahmad Zahid Rao2
Muhammad Abul Hasan1,3
Ahmad O. Alokaily4Fizza Zia Sheikh1
Ahmed A Aldohbeyb4Saad Ahmed Qazi3,5- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
- 2Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, United States
- 3Neurocomputation Lab, National Center of Artificial Intelligence, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
- 4Department of Biomedical Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 5Department of Electrical Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
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Binaural Beat (BB) stimulation enhances working memory (WM), but its impact on information segregation and processing remains underexplored. We hypothesized that enhancing WM recall involves θ-band information segregation in the frontal brain region. Sixty participants, equally divided into three groups, received BB stimulation: Group A (α-BB at 10 Hz), Group B (β-BB at 14 Hz), and Group C (γ-BB at 30 Hz). EEG recordings (14-channel) were taken prior to (Pre), during (Du), and after (Post) BB stimulation at 128 Hz sampling frequency. A digit-span test measured cognitive changes. Correlations between EEG power and cognitive changes, as well as brain network properties, were measured across the θ, α, β, and γ bands. Paired t-tests compared Pre-BB, Du-BB, and Post-BB states. Results showed that θ-band activity was positively correlated with cognitive improvements in frontal and parietal regions. Group A exhibited a significant increase in θ-band cluster coefficient (CC) and local efficiency globally and in-/out-degree Centrality in fronto-parietal regions. Group C showed enhanced θ-band CC in Post-BB stimulation and increased betweenness centrality in fronto-parietal regions. The observed enhancements in brain-network efficiency and cognitive function suggest BB's potential as a non-pharmacological intervention for cognitive improvement.
Keywords: Binaural-Beats, Correlation, EEG, graph theory, Network Properties, Workingmemory
Received: 14 Sep 2025; Accepted: 09 Dec 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Danish Mujib, Rao, Hasan, Alokaily, Sheikh, Aldohbeyb and Qazi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Muhammad Danish Mujib
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