Introduction
Over the past 10 years, the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) dramatically changed due to the introduction of a number of new agents and combination regimens both in the frontline and in the relapsed/refractory setting. Currently, at least 11 classes of therapeutic agents, including steroids, alkylators (melphalan and cyclophosphamide), proteasome inhibitors (PI: bortezomib, carfilzomib, ixazomib), immunomodulatory agents (thalidomide, lenalidomide, pomalidomide), monoclonal antibodies (mAbs: elotuzumab, daratumumab), HDAC-inhibitors (panobinostat), BCL2 inhibitors (venetoclax), selective inhibitors of nuclear export (selinexor), drug-conjugated mAbs (belantamab mafodotin), bispecific agents and CAR-T, are approved (or are going to be approved) alone or in different combinations for the treatment of this disease, while few or no data are available to guide the therapeutic strategy to adopt at diagnosis or relapse (). The choice of the treatment at relapse (), in particular, poses particular challenges, and is currently dependent on patients (age, comorbidities, fitness, renal impairment, frailty) and disease characteristics (aggressive vs biochemical relapse, cytogenetics, presence of extra-medullary disease), previous treatments (classes of agents, duration of response, progression while on therapy), regional drug access (approval of combinations, reimbursement, costs) and, finally, patient’s choice. Unfortunately, there is a lack of trials specifically designed to help in this choice, and often, pre-planned subgroup analyses, do not include a sufficient number of patients to reach statistical evidence. Recently, since lenalidomide is progressively becoming the preferred one-line option to treat MM patients (and often, it is administered until progression), the choice of the treatment to be offered at relapse should be carefully evaluated. Interestingly, it has been reported that the longest prior lenalidomide treatment duration (>12 months) and IMiD-free interval (>18 months) could positively impact patients’ outcome (), making the choice of a lenalidomide-sparing regimen of particular interest in this setting. On the bases of these premises, we performed a systematic review and a frequentist network meta-analysis in R [by using the netmeta package ()] comparing direct and indirect evidence on the efficacy of seven different lenalidomide-sparing regimens (bortezomib-dexamethasone, VD; daratumumab-VD, DVD; carfilzomib-D, KD; daratumumab-KD, KdD; pomalidomide-VD, PVD; isatuximab-KD, IKD; selinexor-VD, SVD) in lenalidomide-exposed and lenalidomide-refractory patients, to provide statistical evidence to support clinical decision making (Supplementary Figure 1).
Evidence from Clinical Trials
Overall, we included 1,616 relapsed refractory MM patients (RR/MM) previously exposed to lenalidomide (lena-exposed) and 984 RR/MM patients reported to be lenalidomide refractory (lena-refractory) included in six randomized phase 3 trials (–). Figure 1A (and Supplementary Figure 1) reports the distribution of patients according to treatment and the presence of direct comparisons. All the groups were well balanced for presence of lena-refractory patients (about 70%, with the exception of the Castor trial which, within the lena-exposed population, only included about 50% of lena-refractory patients), exposure to bortezomib (about 65%, with the exception of the aCD38_KD group were about 90% of patients have been previously exposed to bortezomib) (Table 1) and patients treated in second line (about 45% in all trials, data not shown). Hazard ratios for PFS were included in our study. As reported in Figures 1B and C, all the treatments appear to be significantly superior to VD in both the lenalidomide exposed and refractory setting (with the exception of KD in the refractory group). Interestingly, DVD resulted to be significantly better than VD, KD, and PVD, slightly better than SVD (without reaching the statistical significance) and equal to both IKD and KdD in the lena-exposed population (Supplementary Figure 2). The same results are observed within the lena-refractory population, where DVD shows a trend of superiority over PVD and a significant advantage over both KD and VD. Looking at the P scores (the equivalent of the SUCRA score in frequentist NMA ()), the triplets including an anti-CD38 mAb and a PI, always outperforms PVD and the doublets VD and KD (Figure 1D). These results are in line with our previous work where we demonstrated in pairwise meta-analysis the advantage of triplets over doublets in the RRMM setting ().
Figure 1
Table 1
| Trials/Authors | treatment | total pts | LEN previously exposed | LEN refractory | % | BORT previously exposed | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Castor/Palumbo | DVD | 251 | 89 | 45 | 50,6 | 162 | 64,5 |
| VD | 247 | 120 | 60 | 50,0 | 164 | 66,4 | |
| Endeavor/Dimopoulos | KD | 464 | 177 | 113 | 63,8 | 250 | 53,9 |
| VD | 465 | 177 | 122 | 68,9 | 252 | 54,2 | |
| Optimismm/Richardson | PVD | 281 | 281 | 200 | 71,2 | 201 | 71,5 |
| VD | 278 | 278 | 191 | 68,7 | 203 | 73,0 | |
| Candor/Dimopoulos | KdD | 312 | 123 | 99 | 80,5 | 287 | 92,0 |
| KD | 154 | 74 | 55 | 74,3 | 134 | 87,0 | |
| Ikema/Moreau | IKD | 179 | 81 | 57 | 70,4 | 166 | 92,7 |
| KD | 123 | 62 | 42 | 67,7 | 105 | 85,4 | |
| Boston/Dimopoulos | SVD | 195 | 77 | 134 | 68,7 | ||
| VD | 207 | 77 | 145 | 70,0 |
Main characteristics and previous treatments of the clinical trials included in the network meta-analysis.
VD, bortezomib-dexamethasone; DVD, daratumumab-VD; SVD, selinexor-VD; PVD, pomalidomide-VD; KD, carfilzomib-dexamethasone; KdD, daratumumab-KD; IKD, isatuximab-KD.
Discussion
Currently, no guidelines exist, which help decision making in the lenalidomide exposed or refractory setting. The last European guideline (), indicates, due to the plethora of new agents currently available for MM treatment, to perform a class-switch whenever possible at the time of relapse, without indicating the best regimen to choose. The absence of precise indications mainly depends on the lack of direct comparisons between the available regimens together with the lack of preplanned subgroup analysis “numerically” designed to answer these questions. To overcome this limitation, we used the NMA approach, demonstrating that, whenever possible, the combination of an anti-CD38 agent with a PI should represent the first choice in order to achieve the best result in term of PFS in both the lena-exposed and lena-refractory RRMM population. However, while these results are of strong clinical interest, some limitations due to the methodology should be taken into account: for instance, the NMA is based on indirect evidence (other than on direct evidence), which could intrinsically introduce biases and on data retrieved from published studies rather than from individual patients. Additionally, while patients’ characteristics are very similar between the studies included in the NMA, small or unknown differences, such as the distribution of patients according to treatment line, could impact the final results: e.g., the CASTOR trial () includes, within the lena-exposed group, about 50% of patients refractory to lenalidomide, which is a lower than what reported in the other trials; however the advantage of DVD was confirmed even in the lena-refractory subgroup, rendering this difference acceptable. Furthermore, few or no data are currently available on the activity of lenalidomide-based triplets or quadruplets (thus excluded from this analysis) in lena-refractory patients as well as on the efficacy of lenalidomide ramp-up in patients progressing during 10 mg maintenance. Along the same line, the efficacy of the new pomalidomide/mAbs combo regimens, which look very promising, could not be evaluated with this approach, mainly due to the fact that all the investigational clinical trials have been performed in more advanced settings (from the third line of therapy) by using (always) PD as control arm (–). Translational investigations, which shed light on the biologic interplay which take place within the bone marrow microenvironment (–) are eagerly awaited and could help to develop new therapeutic approaches in this setting. Finally, this work should be considered a snapshot of current evidence, taking into account that some of these drugs will probably move to the frontline setting.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first NMA designed to compare the efficacy of lena-sparing regimens in RRMM previously exposed or refractory to lenalidomide. Our findings suggest that among the currently approved regimens, DVD (or KdD/IKD when available) has the highest probability of being the best treatment in both lenalidomide previously exposed or refractory setting, further underscoring how mAbs represents a very important addition to the therapeutic armamentarium available for the treatment of MM patients. However, taking into account that, even with these regimens, the reported median PFS is about 9 months, prospective randomized trials investigating new agents and combinations are needed to identify better therapeutic options for this high-risk MM population.
Statements
Author contributions
CB designed the research and analyzed data. MG and FMe supervised the analysis. EM, CCo, CCe, and AR provided analysis and discussion inputs. CB and MG wrote the paper. FD, EV, FMe, GM, GP, and FMo revised the paper and improved the discussion of the results. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2021.643490/full#supplementary-material
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Summary
Keywords
myeloma, network meta analysis, daratumumab, lenalidomide, bortezomib, carfilzomib, isatuximab
Citation
Botta C, Martino EA, Conticello C, Mendicino F, Vigna E, Romano A, Palumbo GA, Cerchione C, Martinelli G, Morabito F, Di Raimondo F and Gentile M (2021) Treatment of Lenalidomide Exposed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Network Meta-Analysis of Lenalidomide-Sparing Regimens. Front. Oncol. 11:643490. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.643490
Received
18 December 2020
Accepted
16 March 2021
Published
14 April 2021
Volume
11 - 2021
Edited by
Cyrus Khandanpour, University Hospital Münster, Germany
Reviewed by
Anna Marina Liberati, University of Perugia, Italy
Updates
Copyright
© 2021 Botta, Martino, Conticello, Mendicino, Vigna, Romano, Palumbo, Cerchione, Martinelli, Morabito, Di Raimondo and Gentile.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Cirino Botta, cirino.botta@gmail.com; Massimo Gentile, m.gentile@aocs.it
This article was submitted to Hematologic Malignancies, a section of the journal Frontiers in Oncology
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