Abstract
Introduction:
We evaluated the effect of high-dose polymeric nanoparticle micellar paclitaxel (PM-Pac) on survival in patients with stage III-IV high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) who underwent upfront surgery.
Methods:
We prospectively recruited the patients who received PM-Pac (280 mg/m2) and carboplatin at an area under the curve (AUC) of 5 (cohort 1) in two tertiary centers between October 2015 and June 2019. As historical controls, we retrospectively collected data on those who received paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) and carboplatin (AUC 5; cohort 2) or paclitaxel (175 mg/m2), carboplatin (AUC 5) and bevacizumab (15 mg/kg; cohort 3).
Results:
A total of 128 patients were divided into cohorts 1 (n=49, 38.3%), 2 (n=53, 41.4%), and 3 (n=26, 20.3%). Cohort 1 showed better progression-free survival (PFS) than cohort 2 in all patients and those treated with optimal debulking surgery (ODS; median, 35.5 vs. 28.1 and 35.5 vs. 28.9 months; p ≤ 0.01) despite no difference in PFS between cohorts 1 and 3 and between cohorts 2 and 3. In particular, stage III disease was a favorable factor for PFS, whereas cohort 2 was related to worse PFS (adjusted hazard ratios, 0.456 and 1.834; 95% confidence interval, 0.263 – 0.790 and 1.061 – 3.171), showing no difference in PFS between cohorts 1 and 3 in those treated with ODS.
Conclusion:
High-dose PM-Pac improved PFS compared to conventional chemotherapy, and the change of paclitaxel to PM-Pac had as much effect on PFS as the addition of bevacizumab in patients with stage III-IV HGSC who underwent ODS.
1 Introduction
Paclitaxel combined with platinum such as cisplatin or carboplatin has become the standard medical treatment after upfront surgery for advanced ovarian cancer, which shows overall response rates of 73-75%, progression-free survival (PFS) of 18-19.4 months, and overall survival (OS) of 38-48.7 months (, ). Considering its cytotoxic effect, paclitaxel is still used as adjuvant therapy in the era of targeted or immune oncologic therapy (–).
To increase the solubility of paclitaxel, a fat-soluble anti-cancer agent, it is prepared with a micelle-forming vehicle, polyoxyl-35-castor oil (Cremophor EL) (). However, Cremophor EL causes hypersensitivity reactions and neurotoxicity (, ), and impedes drug metabolism and tissue distribution because of non-linear pharmacokinetics (). Even though Cremophor EL-free paclitaxel exhibits linear pharmacokinetics, it shows low biological responses because the altered pharmacokinetics and relevant toxicities are further increased when the dose is raised to increase activity ().
To reduce dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) and maximize the therapeutic effect in different types of cancers, polymeric nanoparticle micellar paclitaxel (PM-Pac) has been developed as a Cremophor EL-free formulation (–). Especially, phase I trials showed that the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of PM-Pac was 390 mg/m2 as monotherapy (), and 260 mg/m2 when combined with carboplatin (), suggesting that PM-Pac may be safely used at higher doses than paclitaxel in patients with ovarian cancer. Moreover, PM-Pac/carboplatin reportedly showed a non-inferior effect with tolerable toxicities compared with conventional paclitaxel and carboplatin in the patients ().
However, there is no study to evaluate the effect of PM-Pac compared with conventional regimens or targeted therapy for patients with ovarian cancer where external variables, including the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, histology and degree of tumor resection are controlled. Thus, we conducted a prospective cohort study for only patients with stage III-IV high-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary (HGSC) who received PM-Pac/carboplatin after upfront surgery, and its effect was evaluated by comparing with paclitaxel/carboplatin and paclitaxel/carboplatin/bevacizumab for those treated during the same period.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Study design
We performed a prospective cohort study for patients with stage III-IV HGSC who received PM-Pac/carboplatin after ODS between October 2015 and June 2019, and compared its effect with paclitaxel/carboplatin and paclitaxel/carboplatin/bevacizumab for those treated during the sample period in two tertiary centers. Institutional Review Boards of Seoul National University Hospital (No. 1508-121-697) and Ajou University Medical Center (No.MED-OBS-15-321) approved this study in advance. This study was registered at ClinicalTrial.gov (No. NCT05300828). For the prospective cohort study, we consecutively recruited patients who were aged 18 years or older; had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0-2; had stage III-IV HGSC; received PM-Pac/carboplatin after upfront surgery; signed the approved informed consent form. On the other hand, we excluded patients who had non-HGSC; received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval debulking surgery; had other malignancies affecting the prognosis; and received other targeted or immune oncologic therapy except bevacizumab.
As historical controls, we retrospectively collected data on those who received paclitaxel/carboplatin or paclitaxel/carboplatin/bevacizumab during the same period. The eligibility criteria for the retrospective group were the same as those for the prospective group except for the chemotherapeutic regimen.
2.2 Treatment
After upfront surgery, all patients were divided into the following three groups; cohort 1, the prospective cohort where PM-Pac/carboplatin were used; cohort 2, one of the retrospective cohorts where paclitaxel/carboplatin were used; cohort 3, the other retrospective cohort where paclitaxel/carboplatin/bevacizumab were used. In cohort 1, we administered Genexol-PM (Samyang Co., Seoul, Republic of Korea) of 280 mg/m2 and carboplatin at an area under the curve (AUC) of 5 every three weeks, whereas paclitaxel of 175 mg/m2 and carboplatin at AUC 5.0 were used as the conventional chemotherapy every three weeks in cohort 2. Furthermore, bevacizumab of 15 mg/kg was administered with the conventional chemotherapy for six cycles, and then it was added for up to 12 more cycles as maintenance therapy in cohort 3.
2.3 Data collection
We collected clinicopathologic information about age, FIGO stage, BRCA mutation, degree of tumor resection, cycles of chemotherapy, tumor response, and survival. Optimal debulking surgery (ODS) was defined when the size of residual tumors was 1 cm or less. PFS was defined as the time interval from the date of surgery to the date of disease relapse or last follow-up, and OS was defined as the time interval from the date of surgery to the date of cancer-related death or last follow-up.
2.4 Statistical analysis
We compared variables among the three cohorts with analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square tests, and survival variables were evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier methods with the log-rank test. Prognostic factors were determined using Cox’s proportional hazard regression analysis using hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). For statistical analysis, we used SPSS software version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and p <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
3 Results
3.1 Patient characteristics
Among a total of 128 patients included in this study, we consecutively recruited 49 (38.3%) treated with PM-Pac/carboplatin in cohort 1, whereas 53 (41.4%) and 26 (20.3%) were included in cohorts 2 and 3, respectively. Table 1 depicts patients’ characteristics, and patients with stage IV disease were more in cohort 3 than in cohorts 1 and 2 (69.2% vs. 20.4% and 34%; p <0.05). However, there were no differences in age, BRCA status, degree of tumor resection, cycles of chemotherapy, and tumor response among the three cohorts.
Table 1
| Characteristics | Cohort 1 (n=49, %) | Cohort 2 (n=53, %) | Cohort 3 (n=26, %) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 55 (34, 74) | 52 (33, 79) | 49 (33, 75) | 0.229 |
| FIGO stage | <0.01 | |||
|  III | 39 (79.6) | 35 (66) | 8 (30.8) | |
|  IV | 10 (20.4) | 18 (34) | 18 (69.2) | |
| BRCA status | 0.462 | |||
|  BRCA 1 or 2 mutation | 12 (27.3) | 11 (27.5) | 4 (15.4) | |
|  Wild type or VUS | 37 (72.7) | 42 (72.5) | 22 (84.6) | |
| Degree of tumor resection | 0.023 | |||
|  Optimal | 49 (100) | 46 (86.8) | 22 (84.6) | |
|  Suboptimal | 0 (0) | 7 (13.2) | 4 (15.4) | |
| Cycles of chemotherapy | 0.371 | |||
|  <6 | 7 (14.3) | 6 (13.2) | 1 (0.8) | |
|  ≥6- | 42 (85.7) | 46 (86.8) | 25 (96.2) | |
| Tumor response | 0.187 | |||
|  Complete response | 32 (65.3) | 28 (52.8) | 11 (42.3) | |
|  Partial response | 4 (8.2) | 11 (20.8) | 9 (34.6) | |
|  Stable disease | 12 (24.5) | 12 (22.6) | 5 (19.2) | |
|  Progressive disease | 1 (2) | 2 (3.8) | 1 (3.8) |
Patients’ characteristics.
FIGO, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics; VUS, variant of uncertain significance.
Cohort 1, polymeric micellar paclitaxel and carboplatin; cohort 2, paclitaxel and carboplatin; cohort 3, paclitaxel, carboplatin and bevacizumab.
3.2 Survival
When we compared PFS and OS among cohorts 1, 2, and 3 in all patients, cohort 1 showed better PFS than cohort 2 (median, 35.5 vs. 28.1 months; p <0.01), whereas there were no differences in it between cohorts 1 and 3 (median, 35.5 vs. 24.9 months; p=0.17) and between cohorts 2 and 3 (median, 28.1 vs. 24.9 months; p=0.45). In patients treated with ODS, cohort 1 also demonstrated better PFS than cohort 2 (median, 35.5 vs. 28.9 months; p=0.01) despite no differences in it between cohorts 2 and 3 (median, 26.8 vs. 28.9 months; p=0.23) and between cohorts 1 and 3 (median, 35.5 vs. 26.8 months; p=0.50; Figure 1). Nevertheless, OS was not different among the three cohorts in all patients and those treated with ODS (Figure 2).
Figure 1
Figure 2
3.3 Prognostic factors
In terms of PFS, stage III disease and ODS were favorable factors in all patients (adjusted HRs, 0.500 and 0.348; 95% CIs, 0.306 – 0.817 and 0.156 – 0.777). On the other hand, stage III disease was still a favorable factor (adjusted HR, 0.456; 95% CI, 0.263 – 0.790), whereas cohort 2 was related to worse PFS in those treated with OFS (adjusted HR, 1.834; 95% CI, 1.061 – 3.171; Table 2). Regarding OS, ODS was the only favorable factor in all patients (adjusted HR, 0.044; 95% CI, 0.008 – 0.248), whereas there was no factor affecting OS in those treated with ODS (Table 3). When we evaluated the hazards of disease progression and cancer-related death, cohort 3 tended to have a lower hazard than cohorts 1 and 3 in all patients, whereas cohorts 1 and 3 tended to have similar hazards, with less hazard than cohort 2 (Figures 3, 4).
Table 2
| Factors | HR | 95% CI | p value | Adjusted HR | 95% CI | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All patients | ||||||
| Age <52 y | 0.912 | 0.568 – 1.464 | 0.701 | – | – | – |
| Stage III disease | 0.530 | 0.326 – 0.862 | 0.011 | 0.500 | 0.306 – 0.817 | 0.006 |
| BRCA mutation | 1.043 | 0.614 – 1.773 | 0.875 | – | – | – |
| Cycles of chemotherapy ≥6 | 0.892 | 0.358 – 2.222 | 0.807 | – | – | – |
| ODS | 0.398 | 0.180 – 0.879 | 0.023 | 0.348 | 0.156 – 0.777 | 0.010 |
| Compared with cohort 1 | ||||||
|  Cohort 2 | 2.025 | 1.185 – 3.458 | 0.010 | – | – | – |
|  Cohort 3 | 1.618 | 0.773 – 3.387 | 0.202 | – | – | – |
| Patients treated with ODS | ||||||
| Age <52 y | 0.918 | 0.558 – 1.513 | 0.738 | – | – | – |
| Stage III disease | 0.512 | 0.307 – 0.854 | 0.010 | 0.456 | 0.263 – 0.790 | 0.005 |
| BRCA mutation | 1.033 | 0.584 – 1.827 | 0.912 | – | – | – |
| Cycles of chemotherapy ≥6 | 1.410 | 0.441 – 4.507 | 0.562 | – | – | – |
| Compared with cohort 1 | ||||||
|  Cohort 2 | 1.955 | 1.132 – 3.379 | 0.016 | 1.834 | 1.061 – 3.171 | 0.030 |
|  Cohort 3 | 1.273 | 0.560 – 2.896 | 0.565 | – | – | – |
Factors affecting progression-free survival.
ODS, optimal debulking surgery.
Cohort 1, polymeric micellar paclitaxel and carboplatin; cohort 2, paclitaxel and carboplatin; cohort 3, paclitaxel, carboplatin and bevacizumab.
Table 3
| Factors | HR | 95% CI | p value | Adjusted HR | 95% CI | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All patients | ||||||
| Age <52 y | 0.017 | 0.003 – 12.212 | 0.224 | – | – | – |
| Stage III disease | 2.512 | 0.293 – 21.520 | 0.401 | – | – | – |
| BRCA mutation | 0.033 | 0.012 – 14.520 | 0.412 | – | – | – |
| Cycles of chemotherapy ≥6 | 0.044 | 0.008 – 0.248 | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| ODS | 0.041 | 0.004 – 0.351 | 0.042 | 0.044 | 0.008 – 0.248 | <0.001 |
| Compared with cohort 1 | ||||||
|  Cohort 2 | 1.248 | 0.207 – 7.516 | 0.809 | – | – | – |
|  Cohort 3 | 1.171 | 0.105 – 13.064 | 0.898 | – | – | – |
| Patients treated with ODS | ||||||
| Age <52 y | 0.016 | 0.002 – 22.187 | 0.264 | – | – | – |
| Stage III disease | 2.144 | 0.240 – 019.182 | 0.495 | – | – | – |
| BRCA mutation | 0.034 | 0.008 – 31.637 | 0.468 | – | – | – |
| Cycles of chemotherapy ≥6 | 0.050 | 0.008 – 0.301 | 0.001 | – | – | – |
| Compared with cohort 1 | ||||||
|  Cohort 2 | 1.454 | 0.241 – 8.777 | 0.683 | – | – | – |
|  Cohort 3 | 1.248 | 0.218 – 18.107 | 0.980 | – | – | – |
Factors affecting overall survival.
ODS, optimal debulking surgery.
Cohort 1, polymeric micellar paclitaxel and carboplatin; cohort 2, paclitaxel and carboplatin; cohort 3, paclitaxel, carboplatin and bevacizumab.
Figure 3
Figure 4
4 Discussion
This study showed the potential that PM-Pac/carboplatin might be superior to paclitaxel/carboplatin with a similar effect to paclitaxel/carboplatin/bevacizumab on improved PFS, in particular, for patients with stage III-IV HGSC who underwent ODS. These findings suggest that PM-Pac may be more beneficial than conventional paclitaxel in improving the prognosis in the patients.
In a previous randomized phase II trial, PM-Pac/carboplatin showed the only non-inferior effect on PFS with no benefit of high-dose paclitaxel by formulation change (). However, early-stage disease, different types of histology and tumor differentiation, and various degrees of tumor resection would act as a bias for evaluating the effect of PM-Pac/carboplatin on survival compared with paclitaxel/carboplatin in the phase II trial. On the other hand, we adjusted these variables in this study and then found that the change from conventional paclitaxel to PM-Pac was comparable to the addition of bevacizumab for improving PFS in patients with advanced HSGC who underwent ODS.
Even though high-dose paclitaxel formulated conventionally demonstrated no benefit of tumor response and survival with more relevant toxicities in breast cancer (), nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel showed higher response rates with acceptable toxicities in breast, lung, and pancreatic cancers, suggesting that it could improve drug distribution in the body while inducing rapid elimination from serum (–). PM-Pac also had linear pharmacokinetics with lower peak concentration and shorter half-life than conventional paclitaxel, whereas the volume of distribution was greater after intravenous injection of PM-Pac (), which can contribute to the removal of latent disseminated tumors not visible to the naked eye during debulking surgery.
To support these hypotheses, a recent phase III trial for comparing the effect between PM-Pac (230 mg/m2)/cisplatin and paclitaxel (175 mg/m2)/cisplatin has reported better tumor response and PFS in patients with lung cancer (). Even though there is a lack of relevant phase III trials for ovarian cancer, two randomized controlled trials for evaluating hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) have shown that HIPEC may improve survival in patients with advanced ovarian cancer who underwent ODS after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, suggesting that hidden peritoneal metastasis not resected during interval debulking surgery can be further removed by adding HIPEC (, ).
However, there were no differences in OS among the three cohorts. Considering that the effect of bevacizumab on improved OS was observed in only patients with high-risk factors for recurrence, including stage IV disease, inoperable stage III disease, and suboptimal debulking surgery in ICON7 study (), cohort 3 consisted of a heterogenous population with various risk factors for recurrence, which failed to show the survival benefit of bevacizumab in this study. Furthermore, historical comparisons using retrospective cohorts 2 and 3, including the small number of patients, may act as a bias in interpreting that a survival benefit from PM-Pac can be expected as much as an improvement in PFS with the addition of bevacizumab.
Nevertheless, this study is meaningful in that it suggested for the first time the possibility that high-dose paclitaxel with a modified formulation can increase PFS, like adding bevacizumab to conventional chemotherapy in advanced ovarian cancer. Considering the trend of mixing targeted or immune oncologic agents with conventional chemotherapy to improve tumor response and survival in recent clinical trials such as the PAOLA-1 study (), PM-Pac is expected to present the potential of showing a similar effect and reduced toxicities while decreasing the number of agents used together in advanced ovarian cancer. Moreover, the use of PM-Pac/carboplatin with short cycles can be considered to provide an equivalent or greater effect compared with conventional paclitaxel/carboplatin for treating early-stage ovarian cancer, with less toxicity due to reduced cycles, based on the results of this study. This hypothesis is also worthy of further evaluation in relevant clinical trials in the future.
Statements
Data availability statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Ethics statement
The studies involving humans were approved by IRBs of Seoul National University Hospital (No. 1508-121-697) and Ajou University Medical Center (No.MED-OBS-15-321). The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author contributions
SP: Methodology, investigation, data curation, writing-original draft, visualization. J-HS: Software, validation, formal analysis, investigation, writing-review & editing. T-WK: Software, validation, formal analysis, investigation, writing-review & editing. S-JC: Conceptualization, investigation, resources, writing-review & editing, supervision. HK: Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, resources, writing-original draft, visualization, supervision. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Funding
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This research was supported by grants from the Yangyoung Foundation, Seoul National University Hospital (No. 0620153210) and Commercializations Promotion Agency for R&D Outcomes grant funded by the Korea government (the Ministry of Science and ICT; No. 1711177795).
Acknowledgments
We deeply appreciate Samyang Co. (Seoul, Republic of Korea) for their grant support in conducting the prospective cohort study. Moreover, we thank Dreampac Corporation (Wonju, Republic of Korea) and Precision Medicine for Peritoneal Metastasis Corporative (Wonju, Republic of Korea) for their contribution to preparing this article.
Conflict of interest
Authors SP and HK are Chief Operating and Executive Officers of Dreampac Corporation Wonju, Republic of Korea, respectively.
The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Summary
Keywords
polymeric nanoparticle micellar paclitaxel, bevacizumab, high-grade serous ovarian cancer, optimal debulking surgery, survival
Citation
Park SJ, Son J-H, Kong T-W, Chang S-J and Kim HS (2024) Effect of high-dose polymeric nanoparticle micellar paclitaxel on improved progression-free survival in patients with optimally resected stage III or IV high-grade carcinoma of the ovary: a prospective cohort study with historical controls. Front. Oncol. 14:1203129. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1203129
Received
10 April 2023
Accepted
24 January 2024
Published
09 February 2024
Volume
14 - 2024
Edited by
Deepak Kaushik, Maharshi Dayanand University, India
Reviewed by
Firas Hamdan, University of Helsinki, Finland
Eswari Dodagatta-Marri, University of California, San Francisco, United States
Updates
Copyright
© 2024 Park, Son, Kong, Chang and Kim.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Hee Seung Kim, bboddi0311@snu.ac.kr
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.