SYSTEMATIC REVIEW article
Front. Oncol.
Sec. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention
Volume 15 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1557253
Advances on cancer vaccine trials registered in China and the USA in 2014-2024
Provisionally accepted
- 1West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- 2National Drug Clinical Trial Institution of West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- 3Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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The clinical trials of cancer vaccine in China and the USA were summarized and compared over the past decade, thus putting forward suggestions for future clinical development in this field. Mainly based on the Centre for Drug Evaluation of China National Medical Products Administration website (NMPA) and ClinicalTrials.gov, a list and detailed information of cancer vaccine trials in China and the USA were acquired, respectively. Vaccines licensed for use in China and the USA were acquired from NMPA and Food and Drug Administration (FDA), respectively. Subgroup comparison in terms of initiated trials was conducted between the two countries.In 2014-2024, there were 89 trials and 757 trials of cancer vaccine registered in China and the USA, respectively. In terms of the phase distribution, there were less phase I (28.1% vs 52.1%), phase II (15.7% vs 36.3%), and more phase III (40.5% vs 7.9%), phase IV (15.7% vs 3.7%) trials in China compared with those in the USA (χ 2 = 116.58, P < 0.001). Regarding the trial scope, the proportion of global trials was significantly lower in China than that in the USA (2.2% vs 47.6%, χ 2 = 66.78, P < 0.001). A significantly higher contribution rate was made by the top 20 pharmaceutical companies in China than that in the USA (16.9% vs 3.0%, χ 2 = 35.43, P < 0.001). The numbers of trial status on open, completed and suspended in China are more than those in the USA (56.2%, 41.6%, 1.1% vs 43.6, 29.9%, 0.7%), while terminated trial is less than that in the USA (1.1% vs 9.1%). Both China and the USA have made great progress in cancer vaccines in 2014-2024. The difference and gap between China and the USA highlight that more efforts should be paid on innovative cancer vaccines in China. Perhaps in the future, we can pay more attention to increasing the investment in drug research and development, carrying out more global multi-center clinical trials and participating more in trials led by top 20 pharmaceutical companies worldwide.
Keywords: Cancer, Vaccine, clinical trials, China, USA
Received: 21 Jan 2025; Accepted: 13 May 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Shi, Chen, Yu and Zhang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Qin Yu, National Drug Clinical Trial Institution of West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
Lingli Zhang, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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