ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Oncol.
Sec. Neuro-Oncology and Neurosurgical Oncology
Volume 15 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1582996
The Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are expressed in glioblastoma and differentially modulate adherent versus stem-like growth of LN-18 GBM cells
Provisionally accepted
Sandra Bien-Möller1*
Antonia Grober1Judith Albrecht1Heiko Paland1Kerstin Weitmann1Angela Bialke1Sascha Marx1
Silke Vogelgesang1
Mladen Vassilev Tzvetkov1Wolfgang Hoffmann1Henry W S Schroeder1
Bernhard H. Rauch1,2*- 1Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- 2University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Lower Saxony, Germany
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Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most aggressive and common malignant brain tumor in adults, often accompanied by venous thromboembolism due to hypercoagulability. Protease-activated receptors (PAR1-4) are thought to influence GBM progression, which in this study led to examine their expression in both tissue from GBM patients and in a GBM cell model.Using quantitative PCR and immunoblot analyses, we investigated the expression of PAR1-4 in human GBM samples compared to non-malignant brain and evaluated its role in patient survival. In addition, the expression of PAR1-4 in adherent LN-18 GBM cells in comparison to their stem celllike neurosphere counterparts was analyzed. Finally, the influence of PAR1-4 modulation by specific agonists and antagonists on cell viability was investigated using this GBM cell model. PAR1-4 mRNA levels were significantly higher in GBM than in non-tumoral brain tissue, though this did not affect patient survival. Notably, PAR4 protein levels were lower in GBM, while PAR1, 2, and 3 were unchanged. However, high PAR1 protein levels were linked to poorer patient survival, with a similar trend observed for PAR4, though not statistically significant. Patients with high levels of both PAR1 and PAR3 or PAR4 faced an even greater risk of poor outcomes, but the most severe prognosis was seen in those patients with high PAR3 and PAR4 protein level. In stem-like LN-18 GBM neurospheres, PAR1-4 mRNA was significantly increased, with PAR3 protein elevated and PAR4 reduced. Inhibition of PAR1, PAR2, or PAR4 reduced the viability of adherent GBM cells but not stem-like neurospheres. These findings suggest that PARs impact GBM patient survival and that tumor stem cells may respond differently to PAR inhibition compared to conventional tumor cells.
Keywords: Glioblastoma, Protease activated receptors, PARs, neurospheres, Stem-like cells
Received: 25 Feb 2025; Accepted: 27 Jun 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Bien-Möller, Grober, Albrecht, Paland, Weitmann, Bialke, Marx, Vogelgesang, Tzvetkov, Hoffmann, Schroeder and Rauch. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Sandra Bien-Möller, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Bernhard H. Rauch, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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