ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Oncol.
Sec. Breast Cancer
Volume 15 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1626435
Mathematical Modeling of the Effect of Early Detection in Breast Cancer Treatment
Provisionally accepted
FAROUK TIJJANI SAAD*
Yusuf Ya'u Gambo- Department of Mathematics, Northwest University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
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Early detection remains a cornerstone of effective cancer control, yet its influence on tumor-immune system interactions has not been fully quantified in mathematical oncology. A nonlinear mathematical model describing tumor-immune interactions is developed and analyzed, with a focus on the impact of early detection facilitated by public awareness and screening. The model consists of two coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations governing tumor cell growth and immune response, where an early detection term modeled as a saturating function depends on both tumor size and awareness level. We analytically found two steady states and conducted both local and global stability analyses to determine the system's long-standing behavior. Numerical simulations reveal that higher awareness significantly enhances early detection, resulting in suppressed tumor progression over time. Phase portrait analysis reveals stable dynamics between tumor and immune concentrations, while sensitivity analysis highlights that parameters related to awareness and early detection are the most influential in tumor control. These results emphasize the crucial role of public awareness, screening and early intervention strategies in effective cancer management and policy planning.
Keywords: breast cancer, modeling, sensitivity analysis, Early detection, immune response, Awareness
Received: 10 May 2025; Accepted: 08 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 SAAD and Gambo. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: FAROUK TIJJANI SAAD, Department of Mathematics, Northwest University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
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