REVIEW article
Front. Oncol.
Sec. Breast Cancer
Volume 15 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1645438
This article is part of the Research TopicNovel Approaches to Overcome Drug Resistance in Breast CancerView all 4 articles
Therapeutic Innovations in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Integrating Molecular Targeting and Monoclonal Antibody Strategies
Provisionally accepted
Prince Ahad Mir1*
Nishant Kumar1*
SUKESH GUPTA2Anureet Kaur1Gurpreet Singh Sandhu1Anoop Kumar3Saeema Farooq4- 1Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Amritsar, India
- 2Amity University Kolkata, Kolkata, India
- 3Dr Kedar Nath Modi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Modinagar, India
- 4University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is a specific kind of breast cancer that is distinguished by the lack of expression of three specific receptors, namely human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR) and are common in women under 40, especially among African American population or those with a BRCA1 genetic mutation. TNBC is characterized by its very aggressive behavior, elevated rates of recurrence, and restricted therapy alternatives in comparison to other subtypes of breast cancer. Chemotherapy is considered the most widely employed therapy against TNBC but experiences off-target toxicity due to its non-selectivity. Such a scenario led to the genetic profiling of the TNBC patients, which led to the identification of several targets and signaling pathways that can be considered as a therapeutic focus for the treatment of TNBC. In this review, we have compiled various therapeutic targets, including androgen receptor (AR) and PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog, and TGF-β signaling pathways, which are responsible for the progression of TNBC. In the current therapeutic landscape, the strategic targeting of key signaling pathways, coupled with the development of monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based immunotherapeutic interventions, has emerged as a promising and clinically relevant approach for the management of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The mAbs reduce tumor development, modulate immune responses, and regulate the tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes their mechanisms, signaling pathway targets, clinical applications, and current therapeutic challenges.
Keywords: TNBC, antitumor, BRCA1 or BRCA2, chemotherapy, signaling pathway
Received: 11 Jun 2025; Accepted: 29 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Mir, Kumar, GUPTA, Kaur, Sandhu, Kumar and Farooq. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Prince Ahad Mir, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Amritsar, India
Nishant Kumar, Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Amritsar, India
Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.