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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Oncol.

Sec. Cancer Imaging and Image-directed Interventions

Volume 15 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1645589

This article is part of the Research TopicAdvancing Cancer Imaging Technologies: Bridging the Gap from Research to Clinical PracticeView all 24 articles

Visualizing the Vascular-Cellular Microenvironment in Lung Cancer Brain Metastasis via Multiparametric Fusion of DCE-MRI and DWI

Provisionally accepted
Li  YonglongLi Yonglong1Li  ZhenLi Zhen2Wang  HaotianWang Haotian1Pei  ZhigangPei Zhigang3Zhang  XiufuZhang Xiufu1Zhou  JunZhou Jun1Wu  ChunrongWu Chunrong4*Liang  RuipengLiang Ruipeng1*
  • 1Radiology, Jiangjin Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
  • 2Neurosurgery/Emergency Medicine, Jiangjin Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
  • 3Pathology, Jiangjin Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
  • 4Oncology, Jiangjin Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

Background: The heterogeneity of the lung cancer brain metastasis (LCBM) microenvironment limits therapeutic efficacy, while invasive pathological biopsies fail to dynamically assess brain metastasis (BM) comprehensively. Non-invasive imaging techniques thus hold clinical value for visualizing the LCBM microenvironment. This study aimed to achieve non-invasive quantitative analysis of vascular function and cellular structures in LCBM using multiparametric Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DCE-MRI) and Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI).Methods: A prospective cohort of 114 LCBM patients (63 lung adenocarcinoma [LUAD]-BM, 28 lung squamous cell carcinoma [LUSC]-BM, 23 small cell lung cancer [SCLC]-BM) underwent DCE-MRI and DWI on a 3.0T MRI scanner. Parameters including volume transfer constant (Ktrans), rate constant (Kep), extravascular extracellular volume (Ve), and plasma volume fraction (Vp) were derived using the Extended Tofts model. Group differences were analyzed via Mann-Whitney U test, diagnostic efficacy via ROC curves, and parameter interactions via multivariate logistic and linear regression.Results: ADC distinguished SCLC-BM from NSCLC-BM with AUC=0.891 (specificity=95.05% at 752.4×10⁻⁶mm²/s), while Ktrans differentiated LUAD-BM from LUSC-BM with AUC=0.998 (sensitivity=98.48%, specificity=97.79% at 157 min⁻¹/1000). Microenvironmental profiles: LUAD-BM showed high Vp (51.50/1000) and Ktrans (424.8 min⁻¹/1000); LUSC-BM had low Ktrans (61.15 min⁻¹/1000) and medium ADC (1163×10⁻⁶mm²/s); SCLC-BM exhibited high cellular density (ADC=661×10⁻⁶mm²/s) and abnormal contrast kinetics (high Kep, low Vp). Vp and ADC were identified as independent predictors for LUAD-BM and SCLC-BM, respectively. Parameter interactions varied by subtype: ADC in LUAD-BM correlated with Kep and Delay Time; in LUSC-BM, with Ktrans and Ve; and in SCLC-BM, showed weaker vascular associations. Ktrans regulation involved distinct parameter contributions across subtypes.Conclusion: A DCE-MRI-DWI "Vascular-Cellular Microenvironment Visualization Model" was established, revealing distinct profiles: high microvascular density/permeability in LUAD-BM, low permeability/medium cellularity in LUSC-BM, and high cellularity/abnormal contrast kinetics in SCLC-BM. This validates multimodal imaging for characterizing LCBM heterogeneity and provides insights into tumor angiogenesis, cellular density, and BBB regulation, supporting microenvironment-targeted therapy.

Keywords: diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), Dynamic-contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, lung cancer, brain metastasis (BM), microenvironment

Received: 12 Jun 2025; Accepted: 02 Oct 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Yonglong, Zhen, Haotian, Zhigang, Xiufu, Jun, Chunrong and Ruipeng. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence:
Wu Chunrong, 2008zjwcr@163.com
Liang Ruipeng, xray_hproton@163.com

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