Abstract
Background:
Nuclear protein of testis midline carcinoma family member 1 (NUTM1)-rearranged lung sarcomas are rare malignant malignancies. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/CT (PET/CT) is widely used for the differential diagnosis and staging of malignant tumours. This study aimed to identify the static and dynamic features of 18F-FDG PET/CT in NUTM1-rearranged lung sarcomas.
Case Description: A 46-year-old male patient underwent a chest CT scan for trauma, which revealed a tumor in the hilum of the left lung. The patient also underwent dynamic (chest) and static (whole body) PET/CT scans. The dynamic and static 18F-FDG PET/CT scans showed a tumor in the hilum of the left lung, with a size of 8.6×6.7 cm, an SUVmax of 17.6 and a Ki of 0.0668 ml/g/min. Final pathology and genetic testing confirmed NUTM1-rearranged lung sarcoma.
Conclusions:
This case shows dynamic and static 18F-FDG PET/CT and pathological features of NUTM1-rearranged lung sarcomas.
1 Introduction
Nuclear protein of testis midline carcinoma family member 1 (NUTM1)-rearranged lung sarcomas are rare malignant malignancies (). Currently, there are very few reports on NUTM1-rearranged lung sarcomas. The few reports that exist tend to be case studies focusing on pathological features (, ). The imaging features of NUTM1-rearranged lung sarcoma have been under-recognised.
18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/CT (PET/CT) has been widely used for diagnosing and staging tumours, as well as evaluating their efficacy and prognosis. In recent years, with the development of molecular imaging technology, the application of dynamic PET imaging in oncology has attracted much attention. Dynamic PET scans extract physiological parameters that reveal pathophysiological mechanisms of disease more effectively (). Therefore, dynamic quantitative metabolic parameters (e.g., Ki) are potentially advantageous in tumor differential diagnosis, efficacy assessment, and prognostic evaluation (–).
In this study, we report the clinical, lung cancer-related serum tumor markers, CT scan and dynamic+static 18F-FDG PET/CT features of a patient diagnosed with NUTM1-rearranged sarcoma by pathological and genetic test results to deepen the understanding of the imaging features of this disease.
2 Case presentation
A 46-year-old male patient underwent a chest CT scan for trauma. Figure 1 shows the patient’s chest CT scan. The results of the chest CT scan showed a tumor in the hilum of the left lung, size of 10.8×7.6 cm. The tumor exhibited moderate inhomogeneous enhancement on the enhancement scan and encroached upon the mediastinum, mediastinal lymph nodes (LN), pulmonary arteries and veins, and the pericardium. Multiple LNs in the supraclavicular and mediastinal regions bilaterally, the largest LN was located in the 4L region of the mediastinum, with a size of 2.5×1.8 cm. There are several solid nodules in the upper lobe of the left lung. The largest is located in the subpleura,with a size of 1.0×0.9 cm. The chest CT scan results suggest lung cancer, accompanied by partial LNs metastases and nodules in the left upper lobe of the lung that are suggestive of metastasis. Lung cancer related serum tumor markers were negative, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA, 1.72 ng/ml, 0-5.0ng/ml), pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (Pro GRP, 27.90 pg/ml, <69.2pg/ml), recombinant cytokeratin fragment antigen 21-1 (CYFRA21-1, 1.87ng/ml, <3.3ng/ml), carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125, 14.1 U/ml, <35.0 U/ml), neuron-specific enolase (NSE, 15.24 ng/ml, <16.3 ng/ml), and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC, 1.28 ng/ml, <2.7 ng/ml).
Figure 1
The patient underwent a dynamic (chest, 65 min) + static (whole body, 10–20 min) 18F-FDG PET/CT scan for definitive diagnosis and pre-treatment staging. Before the 18F-FDG injection, the patient had fasted for at least 6 h and had a pre-scan glucose level of 6.1 mmol/L. PET scans of the chest region were initiated immediately after the injection of 18F-FDG (8.37 mCi) via an intravenous indwelling needle, according to the body mass index. The dynamic scans were carried out for a duration of 65 minutes. Dynamic scan data were then partitioned into 28 frames as follows: 6 × 10 s, 4 × 30 s, 4 × 60 s, 4 × 120 s, and 10 × 300 s. Quantitative parameters (Ki) was obtained through applying the irreversible two-tissue compartment model using in-house Matlab software. A whole-body static PET/CT scan was performed at the end of the dynamic acquisition process. Figures 2, 3 show the patient’s dynamic and static 18F-FDG PET/CT scans of the patient. The dynamic and static 18F-FDG PET/CT scan showed a tumor in the hilum of the left lung (Figures 2A-D), with a size of 8.6×6.7cm (Figure 2D), an SUVmax of 17.6 (Figure 2B), and a Ki of 0.0668 ml/g/min (Figure 3A). Enlarged LNs in mediastinal regions 4R, 4L, and 5 with FDG-avid (Figures 2E, F), the largest LN was located in region 4L, with a size of 2.6×2.6 cm, an SUVmax of 14.9 (Figure 2E), and a Ki of 0.0650 ml/g/min (Figure 3B). Futhermore, two nodules in the upper lobe of the left lung with FDG-avid (Figure 2G), the largest size of 1.2×1.1 cm, with an SUVmax of 4.0 (Figure 2G), and a Ki of 0.0183 ml/g/min (Figure 3C).
Figure 2
Figure 3
The patient then underwent a bronchoscopic puncture biopsy. Final pathological and genetic test results confirmed NUTM1-rearranged lung sarcoma. Figure 4 shows the pathological morphology, immunohistochemical staining, and genetic testing results.
Figure 4
3 Discussion
NUTM1-rearranged lung sarcomas can occur at any age and are gender-neutral, with an atypical clinical presentation, aggressive nature and poor prognosis (, ). NUTM1-rearranged sarcomas have been reported with pathological features in a variety of different soft tissue sites in the body, including the stomach, kidneys, brain, ovaries and gastrointestinal tract (–). Most reports are dominated by case reports of the pathological features of NUTM1-rearranged lung sarcoma have been under-recognised.
In this case, we describe the clinical, CT, dynamic and static 18F-FDG PET/CT scan features of a patient diagnosed with NUTM1-rearranged lung sarcoma, as confirmed by pathological and genetic test results, to further our understanding of the imaging features of this disease. This is a 46-year-old male patient with an incidental finding of a lung tumour and no associated clinical manifestations. The chest CT scan showed a tumor in the hilum of the left lung and moderate inhomogeneous enhancement on the enhancement scan and invasion of adjacent tissues, reflecting the malignancy and invasiveness of the tumor. In addition, refuinement lung cancer related serum tumor markers showed negative, including CEA, Pro GRP, CYFRA21-1, CA125, NSE, and SCC.
The patient’s static 18F-FDG PET/CT scan showed a tumor in the left lung and FDG-avid, an SUVmax of 17.6. The SUVmax value of the primary lesion was particularly suggestive of the malignancy of the disease. And the 18F-FDG PET/CT scan showed FDG-avid LNs in the mediastinal regions 4R, 4L, and 5 to help with accurate N staging. Previous reports have shown that the disease tends to be highly aggressive and may be prone to distant metastasis (, ). 18F-FDG PET/CT also help with precise M-staging, which is important for managing the disease. As NUTM1-rearranged lung sarcoma is so rare, there are currently no relevant studies on imaging-based differential diagnosis. We believe that the 18F-FDG PET/CT features of NUTM1-rearranged lung sarcoma resemble those of NUT carcinoma () and SMARCA4-deficient NSCLC (). However, 18F-FDG PET/CT is still mainly used to assist in TNM staging in these diseases and cannot yet be used for differential diagnosis based on imaging features. A pathological diagnosis is still required for the final diagnosis. In this case, 18F-FDG PET/CT scan ruled out distant metastases, helping clinicians to accurately stage patients and develop personalised treatment plans.
We previously conducted a series of studies on the value of dynamic 18F-FDG PET/CT in differential lung cancer diagnosis and N-staging (–). Our previous results have shown that, the dynamic metabolic parameter Ki has better differential diagnostic efficacy in the differential diagnosis of lung cancer, N-staging and prediction of EGFR status (Ki cut-off values, respectively: 0.0250 ml/g/min, 0.0220 ml/g/min, and 0.0350 ml/g/min), in particular, it improves specificity (, ). And, our study showed that, the average Ki in the lung malignant group (0.0267 ml/g/min) and metastatic lymph group (0.0190 ml/g/min) were higher than those in the lung benign group (0.0102 ml/g/min, P<0.01) and non-metastatic lymph group (0.0160 ml/g/min, P=0.01) (, ). In this case, we also further analysed the Ki values of the primary lung lesion, FDG-avid LNs, and subpleural nodes in the upper lobe of the left lung. Based on our previous research (–), we found that the Ki value of the primary lung foci (0.0668 ml/g/min) was significantly higher than the Ki value of the malignant lung group in our previous study (Ki cut-off value was 0.0250 ml/g/min), indicating the malignant nature of the disease. Among the mediastinal FDG-avid LNs, we measured the Ki value of a mediastinal region 4R (0.0650 ml/g/min), which was also significantly higher than the Ki value (Ki cut-off value was 0.0220 ml/g/min) of the metastatic LN in our previous study, also suggesting that this LN is a metastatic LN. In addition, we also measured the Ki of the nodules in the upper lobe of the left lung to be 0.0183 ml/g/min. Although we did not investigate the dynamic parameters of the metastatic lung lesions, the Ki trend also suggests malignancy of the nodule in the light of our previous experience in this area.
In terms of pathological features, tumors in the lungs characterized by small round cells with a sarcomatous morphology should be considered for undifferentiated small round cell sarcoma, lymphohematopoietic system tumors, and germ cell tumors. Therefore, panCK, CK8/18, VIM, CD20, CD3, CD99, CD34, CD117, MPO, SALL4 and BRG1 immunohistochemical staining tests were performed. The results showed that VIM exhibited punctate positive expression around the cell nucleus, and NUT exhibited positive expression in the cell nucleus. Therefore, a sarcoma with NUTM1 rearrangement was considered. Further FISH testing was conducted, which demonstrated separation of the NUTM1 gene. Thus, the pathological diagnosis was NUTM1 rearrangement sarcoma.
This case demonstrates the characteristics of NUTM1-rearranged lung sarcomas on 18F-FDG PET/CT and highlights the value of this imaging technique in the differential diagnosis and staging of malignant tumours. In the future, further attention will be paid to the mining of imaging features of NUTM1-rearranged lung sarcoma and the value of each metabolic parameter in differential diagnosis, staging, efficacy assessment and prognostic evaluation.
4 Conclusions
This case demonstrates the features of NUTM1-rearranged lung sarcomas on 18F-FDG PET/CT and highlights the value of this imaging technique in the differential diagnosis and staging of malignant tumours. The value of static and dynamic metabolic parameters in the differential diagnosis, staging, efficacy and prognostic assessment of NUTM1-rearranged lung sarcoma needs to be explored by collecting more cases.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
Ethics statement
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author contributions
XW: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. XY: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. JHZ: Writing – review & editing. YZ: Data curation. TE: Writing – original draft. JZ: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. YL: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article. This study was funded by National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen (E010322003, SZ2020MS008)/Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Cancer and Shenzhen High-level Hospital Construction Found, and the Shenzhen Municipal Basic Research Programme (Natural Science Foundation) Basic Research Project (20220525171717003).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Generative AI statement
The author(s) declare that no Generative AI was used in the creation of this manuscript.
Any alternative text (alt text) provided alongside figures in this article has been generated by Frontiers with the support of artificial intelligence and reasonable efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, including review by the authors wherever possible. If you identify any issues, please contact us.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
1
McEvoyCRFoxSBPrallOWJ. Emerging entities in NUTM1 -rearranged neoplasms. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. (2020) 59:375–85. doi: 10.1002/gcc.22838
2
ZhuPSunKLaoIWYuLBaiQZhouXet al. Expanding the spectrum of NUTM1-rearranged sarcoma: A clinicopathologic and molecular genetic study of 8 cases. Am J Surg Pathology. (2024) 48:930–41. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000002254
3
GotoTAraiYShibataTOyamaTYoshidaA. Sarcoma with MGA–NUTM1 fusion in the lung: an emerging entity. Virchows Arch. (2020) 476:317–22. doi: 10.1007/s00428-019-02623-8
4
RahmimALodgeMAKarakatsanisNAPaninVYZhouYMcMillanAet al. Dynamic whole-body PET imaging: principles, potentials and applications. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. (2019) 46:501–18. doi: 10.1007/s00259-018-4153-6
5
DuFWumenerXZhangYZhangMZhaoJZhouJet al. Clinical feasibility study of early 30-minute dynamic FDG-PET scanning protocol for patients with lung lesions. EJNMMI Phys. (2024) 11:23. doi: 10.1186/s40658-024-00625-3
6
WumenerXYeXZhangYJinSLiangY. Dynamic and static 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in SMARCA4-deficient non-small cell lung cancer and response to therapy: A case report. Diagnostics. (2023) 13:2048. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13122048
7
WumenerXZhangYWangZZhangMZangZHuangBet al. Dynamic FDG-PET imaging for differentiating metastatic from non-metastatic lymph nodes of lung cancer. Front Oncol [Internet]. (2022) 12:1005924/full. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1005924/full
8
WumenerXZhangYZangZDuFYeXZhangMet al. The value of dynamic FDG PET/CT in the differential diagnosis of lung cancer and predicting EGFR mutations. BMC Pulm Med [Internet]. (2024) 24:227. doi: 10.1186/s12890-024-02997-9
9
WumenerXZhangYZangZYeXZhaoJZhaoJet al. The value of net influx constant based on FDG PET/CT dynamic imaging in the differential diagnosis of metastatic from non-metastatic lymph nodes in lung cancer. Ann Nucl Med. (2024) 38:904–12. doi: 10.1007/s12149-024-01964-y
10
DiolaitiDDela CruzFSGundemGBouvierNBouladMZhangYet al. A recurrent novel MGA–NUTM1 fusion identifies a new subtype of high-grade spindle cell sarcoma. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud. (2018) 4:a003194. doi: 10.1101/mcs.a003194
11
TamuraRNakaokaHYoshiharaKMoriYYachidaNNishikawaNet al. Novel MXD4–NUTM1 fusion transcript identified in primary ovarian undifferentiated small round cell sarcoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. (2018) 57:557–63. doi: 10.1002/gcc.22668
12
DicksonBCSungY-SRosenblumMKReuterVEHarbMWunderJSet al. NUTM1 gene fusions characterize a subset of undifferentiated soft tissue and visceral tumors. Am J Surg Pathology. (2018) 42:636–45. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000001021
13
StevensTMMorloteDXiuJSwensenJBrandwein-WeberMMiettinenMMet al. NUTM1-rearranged neoplasia: a multi-institution experience yields novel fusion partners and expands the histologic spectrum. Modern Pathology. (2019) 32:764–73. doi: 10.1038/s41379-019-0206-z
14
SchlemmerAJGorkiewiczGUggowitzerMMSalamonSJostPTalakicE. 18F-FDG PET/CT in NUT carcinoma of the thorax. Clin Nucl Med [Internet]. (2025). doi: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000005872
15
WumenerXYeXZhangYETZhaoJLiangYet al. SMARCA4/BRG1-deficient non-small cell lung cancer: clinical, imaging, pathological features, and follow-up results of 23 patients. Transl Lung Cancer Res. (2025) 14:107–23. doi: 10.21037/tlcr-24-567
Summary
Keywords
NUTM1-rearranged lung sarcoma, 18F-FDG, PET/CT, dynamic, CT
Citation
Wumener X, Ye X, Zhao J, Zhang Y, E T, Zhao J and Liang Y (2025) Case Report: NUTM1-rearranged lung sarcoma: a rare case imaged with dynamic and static 18F-FDG PET/CT. Front. Oncol. 15:1663104. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1663104
Received
10 July 2025
Accepted
25 August 2025
Published
10 September 2025
Volume
15 - 2025
Edited by
Francesco Dondi, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italy
Reviewed by
Maria Ricci, Cardarelli Hospital, Italy
Di Yang, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China
Updates
Copyright
© 2025 Wumener, Ye, Zhao, Zhang, E, Zhao and Liang.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Ying Liang, liangying_473@163.com; Jun Zhao, petcenter@126.com
†These authors have contributed equally to this work
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.