ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Oncol.
Sec. Genitourinary Oncology
Volume 15 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1682918
This article is part of the Research TopicUrothelial Neoplasms: An Integrated Approach to Prevention, Diagnostics, and Personalized TherapyView all 11 articles
Sequential Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Güerin and Mitomycin C applied with Electromotive Drug Administration Therapy for Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer
Provisionally accepted
Mirko Bakula1,2
Tvrtko Hudolin1,2*
Tomislav Kulis1,2Toni Zekulic1Jerko Andelic1Zoran Zimak1Bojan Cikic1Ilija Juric1Zeljko Kastelan1,2- 1University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- 2Sveuciliste u Zagrebu Medicinski fakultet, Zagreb, Croatia
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Intravesical therapy plays a crucial role in reducing the risk of recurrence and progression in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Among the most widely used intravesical treatments is Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). To enhance therapeutic outcomes, sequential treatment strategies have been explored, including the combination of BCG with Mitomycin C (MMC) delivered via Electromotive Drug Administration (EMDA). In this retrospective clinical study, we report the results of sequential intravesical administration of BCG and MMC administered via EMDA (MMC EMDA) in 25 patients with intermediate-and high-risk NMIBC. Primary tumors were observed in 11 patients, while 14 had recurrent disease. Only one patient experienced recurrence during follow-up, after the 3 monthes of the therapy, resulting in an overall recurrence rate of 4%. The median follow-up duration was 16 months. In conclusion, our results support and expand the evidence indicating that sequential BCG and MMC EMDA offer a highly effective treatment approach for patients with intermediate-and high-risk NMIBC.
Keywords: bacillus Calmette-Guérin, mitomycin c, Electromotive drug administration, Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, intravesical therapy
Received: 09 Aug 2025; Accepted: 25 Sep 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Bakula, Hudolin, Kulis, Zekulic, Andelic, Zimak, Cikic, Juric and Kastelan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Tvrtko Hudolin, tvrtkohudolin@gmail.com
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