SYSTEMATIC REVIEW article
Front. Oncol.
Sec. Hematologic Malignancies
Effects of Race and Ethnicity on Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT) Outcomes in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Provisionally accepted
Ana Melo1Shakeel Ahmed2
Masuma Anzuman3Siaana Allana2Michelle Kilcoyne4Vutha Nhim5
Osvaldo Padilla2Alok K. Dwivedi6
Anna M. Eiring3*- 1Houston Methodist, Houston, United States
- 2Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, United States
- 3The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, United States
- 4Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- 5University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States
- 6University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, United States
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Despite the advancements in medical facilities and treatment, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a significant concern. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the preferred treatment option for AML. However, racial and ethnic disparities have a prominent impact on HSCT outcomes due to variability in treatment availability, transplant referral, donor scarcity, socioeconomic status, and other factors. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we evaluated transplantation rates, relapse rates, and survival outcomes across racial and ethnic groups. A comprehensive search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library to screen relevant studies. Study quality was assessed using the MINORS scale and NIH tool, followed by an assessment of publication bias using the funnel plot and Egger's test. A random-effects model was employed to evaluate the transplantation rate, relapse rate, and overall survival (OS). Cochrane's Q test and I2 statistic were utilized to assess the heterogeneity. A total of 781 articles were screened, and following several stages of screening according to inclusion criteria, seven full-text articles comprising nine datasets were included in the final analysis. The pooled results for transplantation and OS were not statistically significant. However, the pooled results for relapse outcome were statistically significant for both Blacks vs. Whites (risk ratio [RR] = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.04-1.32; p=0.008; I2=0.0%) and Hispanics vs. Blacks (risk ratio [RR] = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.61-0.97; p=0.027; I2=37.3%), favoring Whites and Hispanics, respectively. Minimizing disparities in the social determinants of health across racial and ethnic groups, along with providing equity in treatment access, are needed to improve outcomes.
Keywords: acute myeloid leukemia (AML), Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT), Overall survival (OS), Relapse rates (RR), race/ethnicity
Received: 10 Sep 2025; Accepted: 26 Nov 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Melo, Ahmed, Anzuman, Allana, Kilcoyne, Nhim, Padilla, Dwivedi and Eiring. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Anna M. Eiring
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